Greco-Persian Wars: Darius I's attack on Greece. Greco-Persian Wars Why the Persians decided to attack Greece

Test yourself.

1. Remember the ancient Greek myths. Find out what the artist depicted in the drawings.

The picture depicts a scene from the myth of Achilles. His mother, the sea goddess Thetis, trying to protect her son, dipped him into the waters rivers of the dead Styx. Achilles became invulnerable. However, the heel by which Thetis held him remained unprotected. It was at the heel that Paris struck Achilles with an arrow and killed him.

The picture shows the scene of the importation of the horse statue into Troy. The Greek army unsuccessfully besieged the city for 10 years. Odysseus came up with a trick that helped the Greeks take Troy. The Greeks made a wooden figure of a horse, hid a strike force inside it, boarded ships and retreated from Troy. The Trojans considered the statue a sign of reconciliation and dragged it into the city. At night, Greek warriors climbed out of the statue and opened the gates of the city, into which the Greek army burst into.

The picture depicts a scene from the myth of the titan Prometheus, who stole the sacred fire from the forge of Hephaestus and brought it to people, teaching them how to make and preserve fire. For this, Zeus severely punished Prometheus. He was chained to a rock, and every day an eagle flew in and pecked out Prometheus's liver.

2. Solve the crossword puzzle “From history” Ancient Greece».

Horizontal:

• 1. Sister-goddesses, patroness of poetry, arts and sciences. - Muses
• 2. The word that the Greeks used to call their country. - Hellas
• 5. One of the most educated women of Hellas, the wife of Pericles. - Aspasia
• 7. King of Macedonia, father of Alexander. - Philip
• 9. Participants in a theatrical performance united in a group; They depicted either friends of the main character, or townspeople, or warriors, and sometimes animals. - Choir
• 10. Goddess who was considered the patroness of Attica. - Athena
• 12. The city near which Alexander defeated Darius and captured his family. - Iss
• 14. A hill in Athens is a place of public meetings (find its name on the city plan on p. 173 of the textbook). - Pnyx
• 15. The sculptor who created the discus thrower statue. - Miron
• 16. Passage between the mountains and the sea, where three hundred Spartans accomplished the feat. - Thermopylae
• 18. Ruler of Athens, who abolished debt slavery. - Solon
• 19. One of the two main policies of Hellas. - Sparta
• 20. Alexander’s friend who saved his life at the Battle of Granicus. - Cleitus
• 22. Participant in competitions in running, fist fighting, etc. - Athlete
• 23. A Greek colony not far from the Black Sea coast, visited by Herodotus. - Olvia
• 24. People whom the Greeks called “animate property and the most perfect of tools.” - Slaves
• 25. The famous leader of the demos, whom the Athenians chose for the post of first strategist for many years in a row. - Pericles
• 27. Spartan king, under whose command the Greeks defended Thermopylae from the Persians. - Leonid
• 29. A comedy-fairy tale in which the choir and actors depict the construction of a city between heaven and earth. - Birds
• 30. A place in Hellas where pan-Greek games were held every four years. - Olympia
• 31. Temple of Athena the Virgin in the city named after her. - Parthenon
• 32. Goddess of victory, whose temple was erected on the Acropolis. - Nika
• 34. Poet, author of tragedies (“Antigone”, etc.). - Sophocles
• 36. Athenian strategist who commanded the Greeks at the Battle of Marathon. - Miltiades
• 42. A Phoenician city that offered fierce resistance to the troops of Alexander the Great. - Shooting Range
• 43. The king who led the Persian invasion of Greece. - Xerxes
• 44. A bronze or stone object intended for throwing in competitions. - Disk
• 45. An evergreen tree that produces oily fruits. - Olive
• 47. Main square in Athens. - Agora
• 48. Writer, nicknamed “the father of history.” - Herodotus
• 49. Alexandrian scientist who created a textbook on geometry. - Euclid
• 50. One of the main regions of Central Greece. - Attica
• 51. A person who knows how to make speeches. - Speaker

Vertical:

• 1. The city near which the Greeks first defeated the Persians. - Marathon
• 3. A city in Greece, famous, according to Socrates, “for its wisdom and power.” - Athens
• 4. Macedonian king, an outstanding commander. - Alexander
• 5. Poet, author of comedies (“Birds”, etc.). - Aristophanes
• 6. The heroine of the tragedy of the same name by Sophocles. - Antigone
• 8. Main port Athenian state. - Piraeus
• 9. A city in Greece, near which the Greeks were defeated and lost their independence. - Chaeronea
• 11. Athenian strategist who ensured that a naval battle with the Persians was fought in the narrow Strait of Salamis. - Themistocles
• 13. The famous sage, sentenced to death by an Athenian court. - Socrates
• 14. A city in Greece, near which the land army of Xerxes was defeated. - Plataea
• 17. Residents of Laconia and Messenia enslaved by the Spartans. - Helots
• 18. Island (the Persian fleet was defeated in the strait between it and Attica). - Salamis
• 21. A metal or bone stick that was used to press out letters on wax-rubbed boards. - Stylo
• 25. The people whose kings were Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes. - Persians
• 26. Places in Athens where adult citizens did gymnastics, met with friends, and listened to scientists speak. - Gymnasium
• 28. Greek word translated meaning “people.” - Demos
• 29. Greek word translated meaning “city.” - Policy
• 33. A hill with steep and steep slopes in the center of Athens. - Acropolis
• 35. Formation of infantry in close, serried ranks, usually in the shape of a rectangle. - Phalanx
• 37. Greek word meaning "place for spectacles." - Theater
• 38. The name of the Persian king, whose troops were defeated by Alexander the Great. - Darius
• 39. Sculptor, creator of the statue of Athena in the Parthenon. - Phidias
• 40. A warship with three rows of oars. - Trier
• 41. Part of the theater, building adjacent to the orchestra. - Skena
• 46. ​​An island near Alexandria, on which a huge lighthouse was erected. - Pharos

3. List the sources with the help of which scientists reconstructed the history of Ancient Greece.

Scientists have reconstructed the history of Ancient Greece, relying on various historical sources remaining from those times: written sources, including works of art; the results of archaeological research and the remains of the material culture of the ancient era (ruins of temples, copies of statues, etc.), the study of the myths and folklore of the peoples of Ancient Greece and numerous colonies of the Mediterranean.

4. Was there a relationship between the natural and climatic conditions of Ancient Greece and the occupations of its inhabitants?

There was a strong dependence of the traditional occupations of the inhabitants of Ancient Greece on natural and climatic conditions. The climate of Greece was dry and hot. It rained rarely. In rocky and mountainous Greece there were no large rivers. Mountain ranges divide Greece into many narrow and isolated valleys with access to the sea. There are few vast fertile plains here. In the ancient Greek period, three-quarters of the territory was pasture and only one-eighth was arable land.

The nature of Greece primarily favored such activities as navigation, metalworking, and handicrafts. The Greeks were actively involved in fishing, were good sailors and mastered sea routes for trade with the peoples and countries of the Mediterranean. The Greeks were engaged in both cattle breeding and agriculture. Cattle breeding predominated in the mountainous regions, and agriculture in the plains. The ancient Greeks also planted fruit trees and planted rocky mountain slopes with grapevines from which they made wine. They also grew olive trees and extracted oil from its fruit.

5. Many myths and legends of Ancient Greece have survived to this day. How do you think you can tell fact from fiction? How do you understand the phrase “historical research”?

Indeed, there are many myths and legends in Ancient Greece. However, not all of them are confirmed in historical sources - written documents, results of archaeological excavations, etc. For example, the fact of the Trojan War would have remained a myth if Ancient Troy had not been discovered during excavations.

Historical research is a type of research in which, from the totality of historical events and sources that have come down to us, we select those that are significant, use them to create a historical picture and explain the cause-and-effect relationships between events.

6. Compare the education system in Sparta and Athens. If you had to choose, where would you like to study and why?

I believe that any educational system must serve certain social purposes. Therefore, if you compare the systems of raising children in Sparta and Athens, you need to understand what goal these systems pursued. When raising boys in Athens, they sought to create a harmonious, spiritually developed personality with a physically perfect body. The education system in Sparta produced professional warriors whose only task was to fight, kill and be killed. Each education system was very effective for its purposes. But since the life of a city or state cannot be one-sided and built solely to solve military problems, I believe that the education system in Athens was more correct from the point of view of the effective and comprehensive development of society in the state.

7. Why did the Greeks establish colonies? List the names of the Greek colonies in the Black Sea region.

The population of Greece was growing, and due to the lack of large quantity There was not enough fertile land for bread for everyone. The Greeks went to live in overseas countries in search of happiness in a foreign land. The Greeks also left their homes for other reasons. The constant struggle between the demos and the nobility made itself felt; if the nobility lost somewhere, then they left the country; if the demos lost, then the leaders, fearing the revenge of their opponents, left the city. However, there were also planned expeditions with equipped ships, food supplies and military guards. Such expeditions were organized precisely for the purpose of colonizing lands and developing trade. Thus, in the Black Sea region the Greeks founded a number of colonies: Olbia, Chersonesos, Thira, Kerkinitida, Kalos-Limen, Feodosia, Panticapaeum, Istria, Fasis, Trebizond, Heraclea, etc.

8. When and where did the Olympic Games appear? Consider why these competitions have survived centuries and today representatives take part in them different countries and continents.

The first documented Olympic Games were held in 776 BC. in the city of Olympia. These competitions are a religious and sports festival, glorifying the Olympian gods and the cult of the body that existed in Ancient Greece. The winners of the games were revered as heroes. During the games, a sacred truce was declared. The Olympic Games significantly lost their importance with the arrival of the Romans. After Christianity became the official religion, games began to be seen as a manifestation of paganism, and in 393 AD. e. they were banned by Emperor Theodosius I. The Olympic Games were revived in 1896 with the aim of developing international understanding and improving the physical culture of mankind. French Baron Pierre de Coubertin, the initiator of the organization of the modern Olympic Games, said that the youth of the world should measure their strength in sports competitions, and not on the battlefields. Reviving the Olympic Games seemed in his eyes the best solution to achieve both goals.

9. Count (in writing) how many years ago the Battle of Marathon took place (if you have any difficulties, refer to Chapter 3 of the textbook “Counting Years in History”).

The Battle of Marathon took place in 490 BC, that is, 2508 years ago (2018 + 490 BC = 2508 years).

10. What contribution did philosophers, sculptors, and architects of Ancient Greece make to world science and art?

Philosophers, sculptors, and architects of Ancient Greece made a huge contribution to world science and art. Their activities formed canons that are still used today. For example, elementary Euclidian geometry is still taught in schools; the anatomy of human muscles in the dynamics of Myron’s sculptures and the canon of images of the human body at rest in the sculptures of Polykleitos became a model for many generations of sculptors; Aristarchus of Samos, long before Galileo, proposed a heliocentric system of the world and developed a scientific method for determining the distances to the Sun and Moon and their sizes; Eratosthenes of Cyrene was the first to calculate the size of the Earth and suggested the possibility world travels; the ancient Greek playwrights Aeschylus and Aristophanes are considered the fathers of modern tragedy and comedy, and the influence of Homer’s poems is generally compared to the influence of the Bible.

11*. Explain the meaning of the word "democracy". Which form of government do you think was more progressive: Athenian democracy or the power of the pharaohs in Ancient Egypt? Give reasons for your answer.

Forms of government in Ancient Egypt and Athens can be viewed from various points of view: justice, efficiency. Each will have its own advantages and disadvantages. Was the tyranny (rule of one) of Ancient Egypt effective? Most likely, yes, since all decisions were made by one person, whom his subjects considered almost a god. No one has the opportunity to object, argue, or evade the execution of the order. All decisions are implemented quite easily. Is this government fair? From the point of view of an ordinary person - no, it’s not fair. Almost all subjects are essentially servants. But if you asked an ancient Egyptian whether it is fair that one pharaoh rules Egypt. Surely they would have heard the answer, of course, fairly, he is the son of God.

Was democratic government effective in Athens? Most likely not very much. Imagine what you need to overcome to realize this or that idea. Endless disputes in the Council of Five Hundred and at the People's Assembly, opposition from ill-wishers and envious people, subsequent accusations of inefficiency, investigations, search for evidence, etc. However, is such government fair? Of course, since all citizens have the same rights in governing the state, and power is clearly limited in its actions. And any ancient resident of Athens will say that this is the best form of government.

But if we consider tyranny and democracy from the point of view of progressiveness, i.e. evolutionary development, then of course the democracy of Athens is a consequence or so-called response to Egyptian tyranny. The development of society, social and economic relations predetermined the development of the management system from the power of one to the power of many. Democracy is associated with a number of values ​​that are considered the pinnacle of achievements of modern humanity: legality, political and social equality, freedom, the right to self-determination, human rights. Naturally, these values ​​are not particularly revered under tyranny. The Greeks believed that with the introduction of a democratic form of government they would limit arbitrariness and abuse of power, which are almost the norm for a tyrannical regime of government. Therefore, the democracy of Athens is a more progressive form of government than the tyranny of Egypt.

12*. Do historical research: compare the religious beliefs of the ancient Greeks and the ancient Egyptians. Write down their similarities and differences.

Both in Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece there were pagan traditions with a whole pantheon of gods responsible for various natural phenomena. In Ancient Egypt, the gods had mostly zoomorphic appearances, and in Ancient Greece they had a completely human appearance. The gods of the Greeks had a more clearly expressed human essence: they thought, quarreled, loved, made peace, fought, argued, and wandered through the human world. The difference from people was that the ancient Greeks endowed the gods with supernatural abilities that were beyond the power of mere mortals. The gods are immortal, the gods control the destinies of people. The gods of the Egyptians are more detached from the world - they are unattainable for an ordinary person, they rule the world of people and judge them for certain actions. Beliefs in the Olympian gods presupposed a person’s desire for self-development and improvement of his body. The gods of the Greeks were role models, the highest standard. An ordinary Egyptian could not even dream of standing on the same level as the gods.

13*. Start working on the “History in Faces” project. We advise you to collect information about people whose names are still remembered today (to choose from: Herodotus, Homer, Socrates, Diogenes, Themistocles, Pericles, Alexander the Great, etc.). At the end of the school year, it is advisable to prepare a message (accompanied by an electronic presentation) about your hero.

For presentation you can use the following text:

Themistocles - military genius and victim of democracy

Everyone knows the deeds of the great heroes of Hellas, songs were written about them, they were revered in temples - they remained forever in world history. However, most of them are just a myth that has not received historical confirmation. We do not know how real the heroes of Greek poems and myths were: Achilles, Odysseus, Perseus, Theseus, etc. Maybe the Greeks only dreamed of being heroes and invented great ancestors for themselves, without imagining anything in themselves? I'm sure that's not true. Hellas raised real heroes, without whom the existence of this freedom-loving country would have been in question back in the 5th century BC.

So, the enemy is at the doorstep of Greece. The invasion of the great army of the Persian king Xerxes has already begun. King Leonidas fights bravely with his three hundred Spartans in the Thermopylae Gorge, covering the retreat of the Greek army. It was at this time that the star of another son of Greece, Themistocles, rose.

Themistocles was born in 524 BC. Despite the fact that his mother was a native of Halicarnassus and he was considered illegitimate in Athens, he managed to obtain civil rights. By the time of the invasion of Xerxes’ army, Themistocles had already served as an archon and in 490 took part in the Battle of Marathon as a strategist. He was actively involved in politics and joined the democratic group, which reflected the interests of the trade and craft classes and the Athenian poor. Themistocles rose to the top of power solely thanks to his abilities. The Athenian aristocrats, who previously reigned supreme in the city, always resisted his influence. If not for the crisis caused by the Persian invasion, the highest positions in Athens would perhaps continue to be occupied not by merit, but by right of birth. In 487, on his initiative, archons in Athens began to be elected by lot, which allowed people who were not very rich to be nominated for this position. In 483, at his suggestion, the Athenians expelled the leader of the aristocratic party, Aristides; in the same year, Themistocles was re-elected to the post of strategos.

Themistocles was the first politician who realized that the future of Athens largely depended on navy. He suggested that the Athenians use the proceeds from the Laurian silver mines to build warships - triremes. Or rather, Themistocles had to break through all democratic barriers and defeat all his ill-wishers who opposed the huge expenditure of funds on the construction of the fleet. In fact, he forced the Athenians to make a decision that later saved Hellas. By 480, the Athenians carried out Themistocles' plan, building two hundred triremes.

Themistocles was one of the few Greeks who understood the power of a united Greece. It was at the call of Themistocles that the Hellenic Union of thirteen city-states was created to repel the Persian invasion. And Themistocles was right. The land army was unable to hold the Persians in the Thermopylae Gorge. Hope remained in the fleet. In July 480, Themistocles led a Greek fleet of 271 ships at the Battle of Cape Artemisium, where the Persians were defeated. Themistocles' attack prevented the Persian fleet from approaching the shore and striking the Greek army in the Thermopylae Gorge. It turns out that the heroes of Thermopylae were not only the Spartans of King Leonidas who gave their lives. Without the help of the fleet, the feat of the Spartans might not have saved the retreating Greek army.

Realizing that the only chance for the Greeks was to defeat the Persians at sea, Themistocles convinced the Athenians to leave their hometown, and transferred combat-ready citizens to ships. One can imagine the rage of the Athenians, who had to surrender the city to the Persians for destruction. There is also such an example in Russian history - the withdrawal of Kutuzov’s army in order to preserve the army and the surrender of Moscow to Napoleon. But Themistocles could not know Kutuzov’s maneuvers, but Kutuzov could know Themistocles’ tactics.

When the population from Athens was evacuated, Themistocles again had to persuade the freedom-loving Greeks to stay at Salamis and meet the Persian fleet here, rather than flee to the Peloponnese. While the Greeks hesitated, fearing that the Persian fleet would lock them in the strait, Themistocles informed Xerxes that the Greeks were planning to flee, and advised them to attack them immediately. Betrayal? Not at all. It was a cunning strategic move. As a result, the Persians entered a narrow and dangerous strait, where they could not take advantage of their superiority in the number of ships, as well as their seaworthiness, which brought the Greeks the famous victory at Salamis. Themistocles himself commanded 180 Athenian triremes at the Battle of Salamis, which played a decisive role in the defeat of the Persian fleet. After the expulsion of the Persian hordes from Hellas, the Greeks began to call Themistocles “the hero of Salamis,” even Sparta showed him unprecedented honors.

Subsequently, Themistocles did a lot to restore and strengthen Athens, trying to turn it into the most powerful polis of Hellas. He is credited with a plan for the construction of the Long Walls, which were supposed to connect Athens with Piraeus and thereby guarantee the safety of the city. Themistocles laid the foundation for the formation of the Delian Maritime League, which included the coastal and island Greek policies; Athens played a decisive role in this alliance.

Everything is wonderful, Themistocles became the universal favorite of Hellas and... a victim of democracy. The unprecedented fame and authority of Themistocles aroused suspicion among the Athenians that he was striving for tyranny. In 471, at the suggestion of the leader of the Athenian aristocrats, Cimon, Themistocles was expelled from Athens. After long wanderings, he and his family retired to Persia to King Artaxerxes I, who granted him political asylum and gave him control of three cities in Asia Minor: Magnesia, Lampsacus and Miunts. In 459, the hero of Hellas Themistocles died of illness or, according to some accounts, took poison and committed suicide after learning that the Persian king was going to send him to fight the Greeks. This is how democratic Greece repaid the man who saved her from Persian slavery. Friends secretly buried him in Attica, on one of the capes of Piraeus.

Subsequently, many rumors circulated about Themistocles. He was accused of betrayal, theft, bribery, and debauchery. Today it is no longer possible to determine which of this is true and which is the machinations of spiteful critics. This is what the greatest ancient Greek historian, founder of historical science, author of the “History of the Peloponnesian War” Thucydides wrote about Themistocles:

“Themistocles was extremely gifted by nature and deserves in this regard, like no one else, the greatest surprise... Distinguished by his outstanding mental acuity, he was the greatest master of quickly understanding and making decisions in unforeseen circumstances of the current moment and, in addition, had an exceptional ability to foresee events even distant future. Whatever he undertook, he always had suitable words and expressions to explain his actions to others, and even in an area with which he did not directly come into contact, he was able to immediately find sound judgment. Based on insignificant signs, Themistocles saw whether they foreshadowed something good or bad. In short, he was a man to whom his genius and quick thinking immediately suggested the best course of action.”

In today's lesson you will learn how the Greeks, despite the numerical superiority of the enemy, were able to defend their independence.

After the death of Darius, his son Xerxes became the ruler of the Persian state. In 480 BC. e. King Xerxes led his hordes to Hellas. Most of Xerxes' warriors were recruited from conquered peoples. The interests of the Persian king and the nobility were alien to them.

A narrow strait separated Europe from Asia. By order of Xerxes, bridges were built to connect both banks, but a storm broke out and demolished these bridges. Xerxes, enraged, ordered the builders' heads to be cut off, and inflicted an unprecedented punishment on the sea. The cries lashed him with whips, saying: “Oh, you bitter sea moisture! Here's to you from our lord! Remember well, the king will cross you, whether you want it or not!” (Fig. 2) Other craftsmen built a new bridge. The crossing to the European coast lasted seven days.

Rice. 2. Crossing the Hellespont ()

A huge army invaded Northern Greece. He was followed by a convoy with food, and herds of bulls were being driven. The Persian fleet was sailing along the coast. This happened 10 years later, in 480 BC. e., after the Battle of Marathon. Having crossed the Hellespont Strait to the European coast, the army moved along the European coast, and having invaded Northern Greece, it began to occupy region after region. The Greeks did not dare to open battle.

The only route that led from Northern to Central Greece was the Thermopylae Pass, which 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians under the command of Leonidas decided to defend, blocking the Persians’ road. The detachment led by Leonidas heroically defended Thermopylae, but could not resist due to the betrayal of one Greek, who led the Persians to the rear of the troops of King Leonidas. Wanting to save the army from defeat, Leonidas gave the order for the immediate retreat of the Greek troops, and he himself, with a detachment of selected infantry of 300 Spartans, fell on the battlefield. At the site of the battle, a monument was erected in the form of a stone lion with the inscription: “Stranger, take the news to all the citizens of Lacedaemon: having honestly fulfilled the law, here we lie in the grave” (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Monument to Leonidas and 300 Spartans ()

Having captured Thermopylae, the hordes of Xerxes poured into Central Greece. Plundering its regions, trampling fields, cutting down vineyards and olive trees, the invaders approached Athens.

By decision of the People's Assembly, the inhabitants of Attica hastily left their homes. Many women, old people and children moved to the island of Salamis under the protection of the fleet. Men able to bear arms entered the ships. All of Attica was deserted. The Persians entered Athens, set them on fire, and destroyed the temples. The Persian warships anchored in a bay near Athens. Nearby, in the narrow strait between Salamis and Attica, there was a Greek fleet numbering about four hundred ships. From here one could see how the most beautiful of the cities of Hellas was burning.

At the general council of military leaders, many commanders insisted on withdrawing the fleet to the Isthmus of Corinth to protect southern Greece. Only the Athenian strategist Themistocles convinced them to fight in the Strait of Salamis, where the Hellenes were familiar with every pitfall and all wind directions. He begged to think about the fate of Athenian women and children. The Greeks argued for a long time, not knowing what to do. But at dawn they saw that the exits from the strait were blocked by the Persian fleet. The battle became inevitable.

Xerxes watched his progress, sitting on a golden throne, from the high bank of Attica. The superiority in the number of ships created confidence in victory. Meanwhile, a strong wind rose. He rocked the high-deck ships of the Persians, but was not dangerous to the low triremes. The Greeks dealt the first blows to the enemies.

The battle was described by its participant, the poet Aeschylus. “A loud cry was heard: “Forward, sons of Hellas!” Save your homeland, save your wives, your children, the gods of your fathers, the temples, the tombs of your ancestors: the battle now is for everything!” ...At first the Persian army stood firm; when the ships crowded together in the strait, they could not help each other and struck their own with copper noses - then they all died. And under the wreckage of broken ships, under the blood of the dead, the surface of the sea disappeared” (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Battle of Salamis ()

The Salamis victory was decisive in the Greco-Persian wars. After the defeat, Xerxes left Greece, leaving part of the land army in it. And a year later, at the Battle of Plataea, it was defeated. The Greeks defended their independence in a difficult and lengthy struggle.

References

1. A.A. Vigasin, G.I. Goder, I.S. Sventsitskaya. History of the Ancient World. 5th grade - M.: Education, 2006.
2. Nemirovsky A.I. History reading book ancient world. - M.: Education, 1991.

1. Historylib.org()
2. Ancienthistory.spb.ru ()
3. Home-edu.ru ()

Homework

1. How did the Greeks prepare for the Persian invasion?
2. Why was the command of the Greek army entrusted to the Spartans?
3. Why did the Greeks defeat the outnumbered Persian army?

Task No. 49. Answer the questions

Remember the ancient Greek myths. Which character could express his parental grief in such words? For what reason could they be said?

1. Don't judge the unhappy father. Yes, I have no one to blame for the death of my son. I know, I know, man is not a bird... But the world created by the gods is amazingly beautiful when you look at it from above! Believe me, people will become subject to heaven!

Daedalus on the death of his son Icarus. Daedalus made wings and flew away from Crete with his son, but Icarus came very close to the Sun and died

2. Athenians, I recognize a ship in the sea distance! Oh, I would rather die than see this terrible color of the sails! My son is dead... Damn the horned monster! I don’t want to live anymore and I can’t!

King Aegeus, when he saw a black sail in the sea, which had to be raised on the ship in the event of the death of his son Theseus, Aegeus threw himself into the sea from a cliff

3. They separated me from my beloved daughter by deception! So let all the flowers wither, all the trees dry up and the grass burn out! Give me back my daughter!

The goddess of fertility and agriculture, Demeter, when her daughter Persephone was kidnapped by the god of the underworld Hades

Task No. 50. Remember the ancient Greek myth

What is the name of the goddess depicted in the picture of our time? What is her son's name? Describe and explain the actions of the goddess. What catchphrase is associated with her actions? In what cases can this expression be used today?

The drawing depicts the sea goddess Thetis with her son Achilles. Being a goddess, Thetis gave birth to a son from a mortal and, wanting to make Achilles immortal, immersed him in the waters of the Styx, a river in the underworld of Hades. At the same time, the heel by which Thetis held her son remained vulnerable. This is where the expression "Achilles' heel" comes from, which is used today to describe someone's weakness.

Task No. 51. Remember the ancient Greek myth

What is shown in the picture of our time? By whom, for what and how was the hero of this myth punished? What's his name? Who freed him?

The drawing depicts Prometheus chained to a rock, to whom an eagle flew every day and pecked his liver. This is how Prometheus was punished by Zeus for stealing divine fire and giving it to people. Hercules freed Prometheus

Task No. 52. Remember the ancient Greek myth

Describe and explain the actions of the people depicted in the picture of our time. What terrible event followed these actions? What popular expression is associated with the animal shown in the picture?

The drawing shows people pulling a horse statue into the city. The Greeks, who unsuccessfully besieged Troy, according to Odysseus’s idea, as a sign of reconciliation, presented the Trojans with a huge statue of a horse, inside which they hid the soldiers. As night fell, they climbed out and opened the city gates, letting in the Greek army. Troy was captured and burned. This is where the expression “Trojan horse” comes from, meaning an ordinary, harmless-looking thing with a hidden threat. (Another expression is “Fear the Danaans who bring gifts”)

Task No. 53. Solve the crossword puzzle “From the history of Ancient Greece”

Horizontally: 1. Sister-goddesses, patroness of poetry, arts and sciences (muses). 2. The word that the Greeks used to call their country (Hellas). 5. One of the most educated women of Hellas, wife of Pericles (Aspasia). 7. King of Macedonia, father of Alexander (Philip). 9. Participants in a theatrical performance united in a group; They depicted either friends of the main character, or townspeople, or warriors, and sometimes animals (chorus). 10. Goddess who was considered the patroness of Attica (Athena). 12. The city near which Alexander defeated Darius and captured his family (Iss.). 14. Hill in Athens - place of public meetings (find its name on the city plan in the textbook) (Pnyx). 15. The sculptor who created the statue of the discus thrower (Myron). 16. Passage between the mountains and the sea, where three hundred Spartans accomplished the feat (Thermopylae). 18. The ruler of Athens, who prohibited the enslavement of unpaid debtors (Solon). 19. One of the two main policies of Hellas (Sparta). 20. Alexander’s friend who saved his life at the Battle of Granicus (Cleitus). 22. Participant in running, fist fighting, etc. competitions. (athlete). 23. Greek colony near the Black Sea coast, visited by Herodotus (Olbia). 24. People whom the Greeks called “animate property and the most perfect of tools” (slaves). 25. The famous leader of the demos, whom the Athenians elected for the post of first strategist for many years in a row (Pericles). 27. Spartan king, under whose command the Greeks defended Thermopylae from the Persians (Leonidas). 29. A comedy-fairy tale in which the choir and actors depict the construction of a city between heaven and earth (Birds). 30. A place in Hellas where the Pan-Greek Games (Olympia) were held every four years. 31. Temple of Athena the Virgin in the city named after her (Parthenon). 32. Goddess of victory, whose temple was erected on the Acropolis (Nike). 34. Poet, author of tragedies (“Antigone”, etc.) (Sophocles). 36. Athenian strategist who commanded the Greeks at the Battle of Marathon (Miltiades). 42. A Phoenician city that offered fierce resistance to the troops of Alexander the Great (Tire). 43. The king who led the Persian invasion of Greece (Xerxes). 44. A bronze or stone object intended for throwing in competitions (discus). 45. An evergreen tree that produces oily fruits (olive). 47. Main square in Athens (Agora). 48. Writer, nicknamed “the father of history” (Herodotus). 49. Alexandrian scientist who created a textbook on geometry (Euclid). 50. One of the main regions of Central Greece (Attica). 51. A person who knows how to make speeches (orator).
Vertically: 1. The city near which the Greeks first defeated the Persians (Marathon). 3. A city in Greece, famous, according to Socrates, “for its wisdom and power” (Athens). 4. Macedonian king, outstanding commander (Alexander). 5. Poet, author of comedies (“Birds”, etc.) (Aristophanes). 6. The heroine of the tragedy of the same name by Sophocles (Antigone). 8. The main port of the Athenian state (Piraeus). 9. A city in Greece, near which the Greeks were defeated and lost their independence (Chaeronea). 11. Athenian strategist who ensured that a naval battle with the Persians was fought in the narrow Strait of Salamis (Themistocles). 13. The famous sage, sentenced to death by the Athenian court (Socrates). 14. A city in Greece, near which the land army of Xerxes (Platea) was defeated. 17. Residents of Laconia and Messenia (helots) enslaved by the Spartans. 18. Island (the Persian fleet was defeated in the strait between it and Attica) (Salamin). 21. A metal or bone stick, which was used to press out letters on tablets rubbed with wax (stylus). 25. The people whose kings were Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes (Persians). 26. Places in Athens where adult citizens did gymnastics, met with friends, listened to scientists speak (gymnasium). 28. The Greek word translated means “people” (demos). 29. Greek word translated meaning “city” (polis). 33. A hill with steep and steep slopes in the center of Athens (Acropolis). 35. Formation of infantry in close, serried ranks, usually in the shape of a rectangle (phalanx). 37. Greek word translated meaning “place for spectacle” (theater). 38. The name of the Persian king, whose troops were defeated by Alexander the Great (Darius). 39. Sculptor, creator of the statue of Athena in the Parthenon (Phidias). 40. A warship with three rows of oars (trireme). 41. Part of the theater, a building (skene) adjacent to the orchestra. 46. ​​Island near Alexandria, on which a huge lighthouse was erected (Pharos)

Task No. 54. Find errors and describe them

One teacher jokingly said in class:

“They say that Aspasia, the wife of the strategist Pericles, in her youth loved to play the role of Antigone in the Athenian theater, and she performed with great success in other tragedies.
The Athenians liked Aspasia's game. Having completed their daily activities, they hurried to the theater every evening in order to be in time for the start of the performance. One day, Aspasia’s friends arrived before everyone else. Having paid for the tickets, they sat in the first row near the orchestra itself. They did this in order to clearly see Aspasia’s face during the theatrical action. From the first row one could see all the movements of the actress’s face, conveying Antigone’s emotional experiences. However, it began to rain heavily, water flooded the theater through the leaky roof, and the performance had to be interrupted. Aspasia was so upset that she never performed in the Athens theater again.”
The students did not take this story seriously and found at least six errors in it. How many errors will you find?

1. During Aspasia’s youth, Sophocles’ tragedy “Antigone” did not exist;

2. Women did not take part in theatrical productions - only men were actors;

3. Theatrical performances were not given every day, but only a few times a year;

4. Theatrical performances took place during daylight hours and began early in the morning;

5. The first row was intended only for honored guests: strategists, priests, Olympians;

6. All other (except the first row) seats were “paid”;

7. It was impossible to see the actor’s face, since the roles were performed in masks;

8. The ancient Greek theater had no roof

Meanwhile, Darius' son, Xerxes, himself became the head of a large army gathered in Asia Minor. He ferried soldiers across the strait using a temporary bridge built on ships and moved towards Greece from the north. Behind the army was a large convoy; The Persians did not like to deny themselves comforts during the campaign, and the king took his court with him. In front of the royal cart rode a large chariot drawn by eight horses; it carried an image of the highest deity. Along the coast in a circuitous line next to the army, a large fleet was moving, which was supposed to deliver supplies to land; In order to avoid a detour at the dangerous Cape Athos, the Persians had previously dug an isthmus with a canal connecting the mountain range with the mainland.

The priests of the temple at Delphi, who gave advice to the Greeks on behalf of the god Apollo, persuaded everyone to submit to the terrible force. Cities ruled by noble families were waiting for the Persians to join them. Only Athens and Sparta with the Peloponnesians decided to resist.

The Persians were invincible on the Asian plains, but in Greece for the second time they encountered the inconveniences of mountain nature: they had to slowly make their way through mountain gorges and paths and take apart each small area protected by the mountains like a fortress wall. In addition, production in meager Greece was small.

Nevertheless, the position of those Greeks who decided to defend themselves was very dangerous. A small detachment of Spartans defended the passage of Thermopylae between the northern and central parts of Greece against the Persians for several days, but were bypassed and killed. The Persians reached the middle of Greece and devastated the country everywhere. The inhabitants of Attica and Athens had to flee. The ships transported the families of citizens and what could be seized from property to the neighboring island of Salamis and to nearby cities in the south; and all the Athenians who were capable of arms and work boarded ships and joined forces with other Greek squadrons.

But the Greeks came from different independent cities; they had no common plan on how to act, or even agreement. It was necessary to give the main leadership to the Spartan leaders, because the Spartans were considered the strongest Greek people. Meanwhile, the Spartans did not know maritime affairs, and they had almost no ships at all. The Athenians, under the command of Themistocles, wanted to fight at sea near their homeland; The Spartans wanted to retreat further south to their shores and strengthen the isthmus near the city of Corinth in order to prevent the Persians from going further along the dry route.

Against the wishes of the Spartans, the Greeks had to fight involuntarily in a narrow strait near the island of Salamis: the Persian fleet circled the middle of Greece and locked the Greek ships on both sides of this strait. The Greeks gained the upper hand with their art in maritime affairs: they placed ships in a circle with their bows forward and then quickly moved away in beams in all directions: the heavy ships of the Persians got confused around unfamiliar rocks. The Greeks were also helped by bad weather, which destroyed many enemy ships. The remnants of the frustrated Persian fleet drove off to Asia Minor, and the king, dissatisfied with the prolongation of the war, returned home. He was also worried about the dangerous uprising in Babylon. The Persian land army continued to stand in the middle of Greece. Only a year later, in a stubborn battle near the town of Plataea, it was defeated by the Greek militia of Spartans and Athenians. On the same day, the Greek fleet, pursuing the Persian, defeated it at Cape Mycale against the island of Samos.