How caves are formed. Lesson on extracurricular activities “mysterious world of caves” Presentation for the preparatory group: mysterious caves

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The Kungur Ice Cave is one of the most famous and popular attractions in the Urals. The cave is located in Perm region, on the right bank of the Sylva River on the outskirts of the city of Kungur in the village of Filippovka, 100 km from Perm. A unique geological monument - one of the largest karst caves in the European part of Russia, the seventh longest gypsum cave in the world.

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The dimensions of the cave are ~ 5.7 km long. Area – 65.0 thousand m2. Number of grottoes – 48 pcs. (the largest are the Geographers’ Grotto, ~50 thousand m3, on the route – the Giant Grotto, ~45 thousand m3). Number of lakes – 70 pcs. (the largest Big underground lake, area 1460 m2). Number of organ pipes - 146 pcs. Average air temperature: +5.0 ° C. Average water temperature in the Big Lake: +5.2 ° C. Average air humidity: absolute: 8.3 mb, relative – 100%. Average gas composition of air: O2 – 20.47; N2 – 78.38; CO2 – 1.15 vol. %.Minimum air temperature: Diamond Grotto: -32.0°C.

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The entrance to the Kungur Cave, through which visitors enter it, is artificial. A 40-meter tunnel was dug into the mountain in 1937.

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The underground kingdom of stalactites and stalagmites, a frozen symphony of stone and ice, grandeur and galactic silence - all this leaves incomparable sensations. The beauty, grandeur and history of cave exploration are reflected in the names of the grottoes: Diamond, Cosmic, Dante, Ruins, Geologists, Brave, Giant, Polar, etc.

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At the base of the slope Ice Mountain anhydrites, gypsum, dolomites and the Nevolinskaya member of the Tirenian horizon of the Kungurian stage of the lower section of the Permian system (P1K) are laid down. The underground kingdom of stalactites and stalagmites, a frozen symphony of stone and ice, grandeur and galactic silence. The beauty, grandeur and history of cave exploration are reflected in the names of the grottoes: Diamond, Cosmic, Dante, Ruins, Geologists, Brave, Giant, Polar, etc.

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The length of this miracle of nature is 5700 meters. At the same time, only 1,500 meters are equipped for tourists to visit. Along this length, the cave has been cleared and equipped with special lighting, adding to the spectacle.

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The age of the Kungur Ice Cave is 10-12 thousand years, and sometimes collapses occur here. The condition of the ice in the cave depends on the temperature regime. In winter, the Kungur cave is “frozen out” - special ventilation holes are opened. On the contrary, they are closed for the summer. However, with the start of regular excursions in the cave, the multi-year ice began to gradually melt.

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The history of the study of the cave began back in 1703, when the first factories were just emerging in the Urals. This year, the famous figure of that time, Semyon Remezov, visited the cave and drew up the first plan of the cave. A couple of decades later, the no less famous Vasily Tatishchev visited the Kungur cave. Subsequently, scientists I.I. visited the cave during expeditions around Russia. Lepekhin, I. Gmelin and others.

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In the Kungur cave there are 48 grottoes, about 60 lakes and 146 “organ pipes”, the highest of which in the Ethereal Grotto reaches 22 meters. The air temperature in most grottoes is around zero degrees. The largest grotto of the cave is the Grotto of Geographers. Its volume is 50 thousand cubic meters.

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Surprisingly, the minimum temperature in the cave is in the entrance grottoes. The temperatures here are always below zero: in summer no higher than -2-3 degrees, and in winter below -20. This is also where the most beautiful ice formations are found. The first grotto, the Diamond Grotto, is especially famous for its beauty. At the end of winter it has the most beautiful tray-shaped and needle-shaped crystals.

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In the Kungur cave beautiful lakes with clear water. They have a connection with the Sylva River and when its water rises, it also spills. The most big lake has a simple name - Large underground lake and has a water volume of 1300 cubic meters. Its depth reaches three meters. In the cave lakes you can see aquatic crustaceans and small frogs.

MBOU Secondary School No. 8 s. Spasskoe

The mysterious world of caves

Rozhanskaya M. V.

Caves are this mysterious and magical world of the dark kingdom, silence and silence. And the caves can rightly be called the cradle of humanity. Indeed, in prehistoric times, primitive people used caves as a refuge from the wind and cold. They were the "discoverers" of natural dungeons

Over thousands of years, water diligently eroded the stone and created underground labyrinths silent world of beauty and mysteries. Seeping into the cracks of limestone, rainwater destroys the stone from year to year, enlarging the cracks

For centuries, water saturated with minerals, dripping from the ceiling of caves, forms stalactites and stalagmites, sometimes of such bizarre shapes that they are given their own names

KASHKULAK CAVE

In Khakassia there is a cave called Koshkulakskaya. Many legends are associated with it, and people call it the Black Devil’s Cave, while the Khakass call it the White Cave. It has several grottoes, the names of which are also mysterious: Temple, Skeleton, Obscurantists, Lost Pagoda

The cave has three entrances. Its depth is 49 m, length - 820 m

BOTOVSKAYA CAVE

Located in Irkutsk region Botovskaya cave is full of secrets. It is the longest cave in Russia. Despite numerous expeditions, more and more new passages are being found in it. Currently, the total length of all its passages is 66.7 thousand meters. According to some estimates, its length may exceed 100 km

KUNGUR CAVE

It is also called the Ice Cave. It is located in the Perm region. The cave is one of the largest caves in the European part of Russia. Its length is about 5.7 thousand meters. It began to be explored at the beginning of the 18th century

Cave of Swallows

The Cave of Swallows is located in Mexico. The entrance to the cave is a huge hole in the mountain with a diameter of 55 m. The cave is one of the deepest caves in Mexico, its depth reaches 376 m, which is comparable to the height of a 120-story building. The floor of the Swallow Cave is sloped and has many narrow tunnels that lead to deeper levels.

Fingal's Singing Cave

Fingal's Cave is located on an island in Scotland. For many millennia sea ​​surf and the rains carved out a whole system of caves, the largest of which is the singing cave of Fingal, which received its name in honor of the hero of the epic, the giant Fingal

Cave Gouffre Berger

Gouffre Berger Cave in France. The name of the cave comes from the Latin word "gufr", which means "abyss", and the name of the scientist Joseph Berger, who discovered it. Its depth is 1271 m, which is comparable to the height of two Ostankino towers placed on top of each other, and the length of the passages is over 30 kilometers. Today the cave ranks 23rd in depth in the world and 4th in France. It can take 15 to 30 hours to rise from the very bottom to the surface.

Chasm of Three Bridges

The Chasm of Three Bridges is located in Lebanon. The Baatara waterfall will fall into its abyss, from a height of 255 meters. The cave owes its name to the fact that as it falls into the valley, the stream passes through three natural bridges, each of which hangs over the other. The age of the cave reaches 160 million years. years

Skaftafell Ice Cave

Ice caves are temporary structures that appear at the edge of glaciers. Such caves do not last long and can be destroyed at any moment. Ice caves are only tens of years old. But they look amazingly beautiful from the inside. One of these caves is located in natural park Skaftafell in Iceland

Skaftafell Cave was formed in a glacier as a result of melting ice. Melt water together with rain, having collected on the surface of the glacier, rushed into the cracks in streams, penetrating inside and forming peculiar tunnels. Sunlight, penetrating through the ice, gives the cave an unusual blue color.

The Skaftafell cave has a seven-meter entrance to the ice tunnel, which gradually narrows to 1 m.

Marble Caves

Marble caves are one of the most beautiful places in Patagonia. They are bright blue grottoes filled with lake water. These caves are located in Chile

Cave city of Vardzia

Vardzia is a cave monastery complex located in Georgia. Vardzia represents a real underground city with many tunnels, stairs and alleys. Inside the rock there was a place not only for the monastery, but also for several libraries, baths and many residential buildings

The cave city did not last long - a year after construction, an earthquake almost completely destroyed it. It was so powerful that it damaged the cave system, causing them to collapse and fall in a cascade.

For a long time cave city was in disrepair, but at the end of the last century Vardzia was restored again, and monastic life resumed there. On at the moment in the monastery ancient city about 10-15 monks

Nam Lod Cave

This is one of the most ancient caves in Thailand. A human skeleton was found here, which is more than twenty thousand years old. Visitors to the cave will be able to see the home of primitive people.

The walls of the cave are more than 20 meters high. The very name of the cave - Nam Lod, which translated from Thai means “water passing through” - speaks of its essence

Krubera-Voronya Cave

Krubera-Voronya is the deepest (at the beginning of 2014) cave in the world (depth 2196 m, located in Abkhazia

Introduction Caves are a mysterious and magical world of the dark kingdom, silence and silence. in prehistoric times, primitive people used caves as shelter from wind and cold. In ancient times, some caves were considered the dwellings of the gods, others were used to shelter herds and, especially often, for burial. And in the recent past, there are known cases when people who were at odds with society tried to hide in caves

For thousands of years, water eroded the stone and created underground labyrinths of a world of beauty and mystery. Seeping into the cracks of limestone, rainwater destroys the stone from year to year, enlarging the cracks. For centuries, water, dripping from the ceiling of caves, forms stalactites and stalagmites, sometimes of such bizarre shapes that they are given their own names

Calcite in caves comes in the most unusual forms: in the form of flowers, pearls, twigs, sometimes so fragile and thin that they crumble when touched

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Han Son Doong Cave. Vietnam. Hang Son Doong Cave is located in national park Phong Nha-Ke Bang was discovered in April 2009 by British speleologists. The cave system turned out to be huge. British researchers suggest that this cave is the largest in volume in the world!

In the underground hall of the Hang Son Dung cave there is enough space even for a 40-story skyscraper. The largest hall of the cave has a total length of more than 5000 meters. The total length of the cave is meters. The width of the halls and corridors is 100 meters, and the height reaches 200 meters

Hang Son Dong Cave - a jungle cave! In the vaults of the cave there are gaps through which light penetrates, and as a result of this, plants grow in the cave - the limestone ledges are covered with a carpet of delicate greenery. Following the plants, not only insects and snakes, but even monkeys and birds descend into the cave. The Rao Tuong River has created tunnels in solid rock over many centuries. During the dry months the river becomes a small stream, but during the rainy season the underground river becomes full again, so that in some places it comes to the surface of the earth

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Cave of Swallows. Mexico Cave of Swallows is located in the Mexican state of San Luis Potosi. The entrance to the cave is a huge hole in the mountain with a diameter of 55 meters. During the descent, there is an expansion of up to 160 m, which creates difficulties during the descent and ascent. This is what attracts fans here extreme look sports Its depth is meters, like a 120-story building. But deeper levels are poorly explored

The cave got its name due to the huge colony of swallows that lives here. And in order not to disturb the quiet life of birds, descent into the cave is allowed only from 12 to 16 hours, when the birds leave it. In addition, this saves not only the lives of swallows, but also those who enjoy extreme skydiving. After all, a collision with a flock of birds during a free flight is very dangerous

Cave of giant crystals. Mexico The Cave of Crystals is located in the Nike mine complex, in the Mexican desert of the state of Chihuahua at a depth of 300 meters. The cave is unique in that it contains giant crystals of selenite (a mineral, a type of gypsum). These are the largest natural crystals ever found on the planet - the transparent gypsum rays reach sizes of 11 meters in length and weigh about 55 tons

The climate in the cave is unusual - it is very hot in the cave! Temperatures reach °C with a humidity of more than 90%; a person can stay in such conditions without a special suit for more than ten minutes. Access to the cave is open only to scientists exploring it in special equipment

Natalya Gregorova
"Caves". Video presentation for children of senior preschool age.

Cave is a void in the earth’s crust or in a mountain range with an exit to the outside, formed as a result of the action of groundwater or volcanic processes.

Cave- a natural underground cavity accessible to human penetration, having parts not illuminated by sunlight, length and depth.

The largest caves- complex systems of passages and halls, often with a total length of up to several tens of kilometers.

Caves are created by water. Water is a good solvent. Gradually, over thousands of years, water erodes and dissolves rocks and minerals and carries them away, forming caves.

From these vaults caves drops of water with grains of minerals dissolved in it fall. As they dry, they form stone icicles layer by layer. They are called stalactites.

Caves- the kingdom of darkness and silence. It's surprising that the temperature is cave in summer below. And in winter it is higher than outside. About 200 species of animals live in caves, but there are almost no pathogenic microbes, so caves now used for medicinal purposes.

Publications on the topic:

Video presentation of the project on patriotic education of children of senior preschool age “Russia is proud of them” A video demonstrating the ability to summarize and present one’s own teaching experience. This year our group is working on a project.

Mathematical KVN for children of senior preschool age. Mathematical KVN for children of senior preschool age. Objectives: 1. Give children joy and pleasure from working together with their parents.

April 1st holiday for children of senior preschool age.“Journey through the Land of Laughter” Goal: To bring children joy and pleasure from the holiday. The hall is festively decorated. Children to cheerful music.

Scenario of entertainment for children of the preparatory group on traffic rules. Goal: to consolidate the rules of the road, rules of conduct on the street.

Entertainment for children of senior preschool age according to traffic rules ENTERTAINMENT FOR SENIOR PRESCHOOL CHILDREN ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC RULES. Goal: observance and compliance by children with traffic rules. Tasks:.

Spartakiad for children of senior preschool age Sports festival for children of senior preschool age “Long live the Spartakiad” The purpose of the Spartakiad is to increase interest.

Video presentation “Antarctica” for children of the preparatory group Hello guys! Today you will learn a lot of interesting things about the southernmost and coldest continent - Antarctica. Antarctica is the most.

Quiz for older preschool children Goal: To develop the intellectual abilities of children, to introduce children to the world of riddles, puzzles and fairy tales, and to cultivate a sense of collectivism.

So, what do we know about the nature of caves? A cave is a natural cavity in the upper layer of the earth's crust, communicating with the surface of the earth by one or more exit openings passable to humans. The largest caves have complex systems of passages and halls, often with a total length of up to several tens of kilometers. Caves are the object of speleological study. Many caves are objects of tourism; in some countries they are used for medicinal purposes (speleotherapy).

How does a person who has never been in one imagine caves?! The most popular book in which the characters end up in a cave is the book written by Mark Twain, “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.” From it you can imagine that a cave is a place underground, where it is dark, you can get lost, where treasures are hidden and robbers hide. Heroes of adventure films sometimes end up in the cave. These caves are always illuminated by some mysterious light, coming from no one knows where. Oddly enough, treasures and robbers are usually present in them.

Darkness is one of the main features of caves. Some speleologists even suggested that it be considered decisive - what is not illuminated by daylight is a cave (and vice versa). Others do not agree with this, since the illumination of the cave, or part of it, depends on the number, size and location of the entrance holes. There are caves where, a few tens of meters from the entrance, you can read a newspaper during the day (if someone takes it with you) without resorting to artificial light sources.

As for adventures in cinematic caves, these scenes are filmed in specially permanent pavilions at film studios. It's cheaper and easier. Why go to a real cave for filming? And since the viewer must see something on the screen, it is necessary to illuminate the scene with light, the source of which is impossible to explain. Convention is one of the features of any art.

Karst These are the majority of caves. It is karst caves that have the greatest extent and depth. Caves are formed due to the dissolution of rocks by water. Therefore, karst caves are found only where soluble rocks occur: limestone, marble, dolomite, chalk, as well as gypsum and salt.

Limestone, and especially marble, are poorly soluble in water, unlike gypsum and salts. Gypsum and salt caves form quickly, but quickly collapse. Tectonic cracks and faults play a huge role in the formation of caves. For the formation of a cave, a sufficient amount of water precipitation is necessary, a successful form of relief: sediments with large area should fall into the cave, the entrance to the cave should be located noticeably higher than the place where groundwater is discharged, etc. The chemistry of karst processes is such that often water, having dissolved the rock, after some time deposits it back, forming the so-called. sinter formations: stalactites (sinter formations that hang from the ceiling of a cave), stalagmites (growing from bottom to top), helictites (cave formations resembling a stalactite, but intricately curved and twisted), draperies and others.

Karst caves are divided into three types: corrosion-gravity, formed as a result of the destruction of rock under the influence of gravity and subsequent dissolution by water; nival-corrosion, formed due to melting snow. It has been established that melt water dissolves rocks more actively than ordinary water. In places where snow accumulations are regularly observed, spring meltwater gradually dissolves the rock, forming a karst well. Corrosion-erosive wells arose due to the dissolution and mechanical erosion of rocks by underground watercourses. In some cases underground rivers, flowing in the depths mountain range(or flowed there previously), form huge underground cavities, decorated with bizarre sinter patterns

Tectonic caves Such caves can appear in any rock as a result of the formation of tectonic faults. As a rule, such caves are found on the sides of river valleys deeply cut into the plateau, when huge masses of rock break off from the sides, forming cracks (sherlops). Typically, such cracks converge like a wedge with depth. Most often they are filled with loose sediments from the surface of the massif, but sometimes they form quite deep vertical caves up to 100 m deep. They have been studied relatively poorly and are probably quite common.

Erosion caves Caves formed in insoluble rocks due to mechanical erosion, that is, worked through by water containing grains of solid material. Often such caves are formed on the seashore under the influence of the surf, but they are small. However, it is also possible to form caves excavated along primary tectonic cracks by streams going underground. Quite large (hundreds of meters long) erosion caves formed in sandstones and even granites are known.

Glacier caves Caves formed in the body of glaciers by melt water. Such caves are found on many glaciers. Melted glacial waters are absorbed by the body of the glacier along large cracks or at the intersection of cracks, forming passages that are sometimes passable for humans. The length of such caves can be several hundred meters, depth up to 100 m or more.

Another type of glacial caves are caves formed in a glacier at the point of release of intraglacial and subglacial waters at the edge of the glaciers. Melt water in such caves can flow both along the glacier bed and along glacial ice. A special type of glacial caves are caves formed in glaciers at the exit of underground materials located under the glacier. thermal waters. Hot water can create voluminous galleries, but such caves do not lie in the glacier itself, but underneath it, since the ice melts from below. Thermal glacial caves are found in Iceland and Greenland and reach significant sizes.

Volcanic caves These caves are formed during volcanic eruptions. The lava flow, as it cools, becomes covered with a hard crust, forming a lava tube, inside which molten rock still flows. After the eruption has actually ended, the lava flows out of the tube from the lower end, and a cavity remains inside the tube. It is clear that lava caves lie on the very surface, and often the roof collapses. However, as it turned out, lava caves can reach very large sizes, up to 65.6 km in length and 1100 m in depth (Kazumura Cave, Hawaiian Islands).

Living world (speleofauna) The living world of caves is not very rich, however, some animals live in caves. First of all, these are bats. In addition to bats, some caves in warm climates are home to several species of insects, spiders (Neoleptoneta myopica), shrimp (Palaemonias alabamae) and other crustaceans, salamanders and fish (Amblyopsidae). Cave species adapt to complete darkness, many lose their organs of vision and pigmentation. These species are often very rare, many of them endemic.

What are the caves filled with? To say that a cave is empty is incorrect. The inside of caves is always filled with something. The most common filler is air, that is, a mixture of gases. The air in caves differs from the air on the surface of the earth, and sometimes significantly. In most caves, the air is breathable due to natural circulation, although there are caves in which you can only be in gas masks. For example, the air can be poisoned by guano deposits (bat droppings) or high concentrations of sulfuric acid in the air. Another common filler is water, which in most cases originates from this. The filler can also be solid (relative to water and air). These are clayey-sandy and clastic rocks, as well as purely cave rocks, usually called sinter rocks, snow and ice, animal droppings and bones, and debris from ancient inhabitants. They can completely block the underground cavity, so that it becomes inaccessible to humans.

But if a person cannot get into the cavity, then it cannot be called a cave until this obstacle is removed. Therefore, speleologists often try to open such cavities so that they become caves. There are known cases when mining operations (adits, quarries) opened underground cavities that did not have any connections with the surface and which no one suspected.

The length of the cave is the sum of the lengths of all its measured galleries and halls. When they talk about length, this means that the length (depth) of vertical sections is added to the length of horizontal and inclined sections, which are overcome using special techniques and equipment.

In some caves the length is equal to the length, in others it can differ significantly (in the Altai Cave - by about 20%). Caves rarely extend strictly horizontally. Therefore, the depth of the cave is interesting. This is the difference in height between the entrance level and the lowest point of the cave. If the cave goes up from the entrance, then in this case the excess figure is written with a “plus” sign, although it is often also called depth. If the cave goes both up and down from the entrance, then the sum of both indicators is called amplitude. Amplitude is also called the difference in height between the upper and lower entrance of a through (passage) cave.

The deepest caves in the world. Cave Depth (m) Length (m) Location 1 Krubera-Voronya Abkhazia 2 Sarma Abkhazia 3 Snezhnaya Abkhazia 4 Lamprechtsofen Australia 5 Mirolda France 6 Jean Bernard France 7 Torca del Cerro Spain 8 Pantyukhinskaya Abkhazia 9 Sima de pas Corniza Spain 10 Cheki Slovenia

The longest caves in the world. Cave length (m) depth (m) location of 1mamontov, 5sha 2jevel, 6sha 3oks-Kh ha, 7 make 4-optimistic, 0 Ukrainian 5wind, 9sha 6-year-old, 7-cas-actuan, 2 mexico 8 gyllokh, .6 Switzerland,. Air Jernich,1Malaysia