Meteor is a hydrofoil. "meteors" - magnificent river rockets of the Soviet era What is the speed of a meteor on water

“Burevestnik”, “Sputnik”, “Comet” and “Meteor” - the names of these Soviet ships gave rise to romantic thoughts about flight. Although we were talking only about a river trip. However, it’s hard to say, a trip on a hydrofoil is also swimming, but there is something of flying in it. These ships, which in general terms were called rockets and could reach speeds of 150 km/h (carrying up to 300 passengers), were the same symbol of the USSR of the 60s - 80s, like the real space rockets that roamed the Bolshoi Theater outer space.

Heavy economic crisis(if not an industrial disaster) of the 90s led to a sharp reduction in the number of ships of this class. Now let's remember a short history these unusual ships.

The principle of movement of these ships was twofold. At low speed, such a ship moves like an ordinary ship, that is, due to the buoyant force of water (hello to Archimedes). But when it develops high speed, due to the hydrofoils these ships have, a lifting force arises, which lifts the ship above the water. That is, a hydrofoil is both a ship and, as it were, an airplane at the same time. He just flies low.

Perhaps the most elegant high-speed hydrofoil was the so-called. gas turbine ship "Burevestnik". It was developed by the Central Design Bureau of the SPK R. Alekseev in the city of Gorky and, with a length of 42 meters, could reach a design speed of 150 km/h (although there is no data that the ship ever reached such a speed).

The first (and only) experimental vessel, Burevestnik, was built in 1964.

It was operated by the Volga Shipping Company on the Volga along the route Kuibyshev - Ulyanovsk - Kazan - Gorky.

The two aircraft gas turbine engines on the sides made this vessel especially impressive (such engines were used on the IL-18 aircraft).

In such a ship, travel should indeed resemble flight.

The captain's cabin was particularly elegant, the design of which was reminiscent of the design of futuristic American limousines of the 50s (the photo below, however, is not the cabin of the Burevestnik, but about the same).

Unfortunately, having worked until the end of the 70s, the unique 42-meter “Burevestnik” was written off due to wear and tear, and remained in a single copy. The immediate reason for the decommissioning was an accident in 1974, when the Burevestnik collided with a tug, severely damaging one side and the gas turbine engine. After this, it was restored, as they say, “somehow” and after some time its further operation was considered unprofitable.

Another type of hydrofoil was the Meteor.

The Meteors were smaller than the Burevestnik (34 meters in length) and not as fast (no more than 100 km/h). Meteors were produced from 1961 to 1991 and, in addition to the USSR, were also supplied to the countries of the socialist camp.

A total of four hundred motor ships of this series were built.

Unlike the aircraft engines of the Burevestnik, the Meteors flew using diesel engines driving propellers typical of ships.

Vessel control panel:

But the most famous hydrofoil should probably be the Raketa.

"Rocket" was first presented in Moscow in 1957 at International festival youth students.

The leader of the USSR Nikita Khrushchev himself then expressed himself in the spirit that, they say, it’s enough to swim along rivers in rusty bathtubs, it’s time to travel in style.

However, at that time only the first experimental “Rocket” was running along the Moscow River, and after the festival it was sent for trial operation to the Volgna on the Gorky-Kazan line. The ship covered a distance of 420 km in 7 hours. An ordinary ship would travel the same route for 30 hours. As a result, the experiment was considered successful and “Rocket” went into production.

Another famous Soviet ship is the Comet.

"Comet" was a naval version of "Meteor". This 1984 photo shows two Comets in seaport Odessa:

"Comet" was developed in 1961. They were serially produced from 1964 to 1981 at the Feodosia shipyard "More". A total of 86 Komets were built (including 34 for export).

One of the “Comets” that has survived to this day in a bright design:

By the beginning of the 70s, “Rockets” and “Meteors” were already considered obsolete ships and the “Voskhod” was developed to replace them.

The first ship of the series was built in 1973. A total of 150 Voskhods were built, some of which were exported (China, Canada, Austria, Hungary, the Netherlands, etc.). In the 90s, production of Voskhods was stopped.

Sunrise in the Netherlands:

Among other types of hydrofoils, it is worth remembering the Sputnik.

It was truly a monster. At the time of construction of the first Sputnik ship (October 1961), it was the world's largest passenger hydrofoil ship. Its length was 47 meters, and its passenger capacity was 300 people!

"Sputnik" was first operated on the Gorky - Tolyatti line, but then, due to its low landing, it was transferred to the lower Volga on the Kuibyshev - Kazan line. But he spent only three months on this line. On one of the voyages, the ship encountered a sinkhole, after which it stood in a ship repair yard for several years. At first they wanted to cut it into scrap metal, but then they decided to install it on the Togliatti embankment. “Sputnik” was placed next to the river station, where it housed a cafe of the same name, which with its appearance continues to delight (or frighten) the residents of Avtograd (proof).

The marine version of Sputnik was called “Whirlwind” and was intended for sailing in waves up to 8 points.

It is also worth remembering the ship “Chaika”, which was created in a single copy and took 70 passengers on board, but reached a speed of up to 100 km/h

Another rare one we can’t help but mention is “Typhoon”...

...and "Swallow"

A story about Soviet hydrofoils would be incomplete without a story about a man who devoted his life to creating these ships.

Rostislav Evgenievich Alekseev (1916-1980) - Soviet shipbuilder, creator of hydrofoils, ekranoplanes and ekranoplanes. Yacht designer, winner of all-Union competitions, master of sports of the USSR.

He came to the idea of ​​hydrofoils while working during the war (1942) to create combat boats. His boats did not have time to take part in the war, but in 1951 Alekseev was awarded the Stalin Prize of the second degree for the development and creation of hydrofoils. It was his team that created “Rocket” in the 50s, and then, starting in 1961, almost every year a new project: “Meteor”, “Comet”, “Sputnik”, “Burevestnik”, “Voskhod”. In the 60s, Rostislav Evgenievich Alekseev began work on creating the so-called. "Ekranoplans" - ships for the airborne forces, which were supposed to hover above the water at a height of several meters. In January 1980, during testing of a passenger ground-propelled aircraft, which was to be put into operation for the 1980 Olympics, Alekseev was seriously injured. He died from these injuries on February 9, 1980. After his death, the idea of ​​ekranoplanes was never returned to.

And now I offer some more photos of these incredibly beautiful hydrofoils:

Built in 1979, Comet-44 is today operated in Turkey:

Project "Olympia"

Project "Katran"

Double-decker monster "Cyclone"

Ship cemetery near Perm.

Bar "Meteor" in Kanev (Ukraine)

Red Meteor in China

But even today these ships of the 60s designs look quite futuristic.

Traveling around our country, you discover something new every day. Today, on a cruise in Petrozavodsk, I discovered such a curiosity. These are hydrofoil ships "Kometa" and "Meteor". Since I was not prepared to meet such ships, the Meteor practically did not make it into the frame, since I thought that they were the same. From Petrozavodsk "Meteora" and "Comet" operate flights along Lake Onega to Kizhi, Velikaya Guba and Shala. The cost of travel, for example, to Kizhi is 1375 rubles one way. Pleasure is not cheap.

1. "Kometa" - a series of marine (the first in this class) passenger hydrofoil motor ships. The motor ship was developed in 1961 at the Central Design Bureau for hydrofoils named after. R. E. Alekseeva. They were serially produced in 1964-1981 at the Feodosia shipyard "More" (a total of 86 Komets were built, including 34 for export) and in 1962-1992 at the Poti Shipyard (project 342 ME, 39 ships).

2. Displacement 41.2 t (unladen), 58.3 t (full), length 35.1 m, width 11.0 m, height 7.8 m (when moving on the wings), draft 3.6 m (when parked) , 1.7 m (when moving on wings).

3. The ship is equipped with 2 M-401A diesel engines, 1 auxiliary diesel generator-compressor-pump. Power 2200 hp, propulsion 2 propellers, speed 60 km/h (maximum), 55-57 km/h or 30 knots (operational).

4. Crew 5 people, passenger capacity up to 120 people (depending on modification). Passengers are accommodated in three salons equipped with soft seats: bow, middle and stern. The passenger cabin resembles an airplane cabin, because even the seats are airplane-type.

5. When stationary and traveling at low speed, a hydrofoil vessel is kept afloat by the Archimedes force, just like an ordinary displacement vessel. At high speed, due to the lifting force created by these wings, the ship rises above the water. At the same time, the area of ​​contact with water is significantly reduced, and, consequently, the hydrodynamic and drag resistance of the water, which allows you to develop a higher speed.

6. "Meteor", project 342E hydrofoil river passenger motor ship, designed by Rostislav Alekseev. Produced from 1961 to 1991 at the Zelenodolsk shipyard named after. A. M. Gorky. In total, more than 400 motor ships of this series were built.

7. And this photo is a bonus. This is the sunset on Lake Onega today.

My next post will be about the city of Petrozavodsk. As they say, Stay tuned.

The motor ship Meteor of project 342E is a duralumin, diesel, single-deck, twin-shaft hydrofoil motor ship, designed for high-speed transportation of passengers during daylight hours along navigable rivers, freshwater reservoirs and lakes in areas with a temperate climate. The remote control and monitoring system provides control of the ship directly from the wheelhouse.

Passengers are accommodated in three salons equipped with soft seats: bow, middle and stern - with 26, 44 and 44 seats, respectively. The transition of passengers from the middle to the aft salon is carried out along a deck that has a roof (visible in photographs as a “hump”), from the deck doors lead to the toilet, engine room and utility room. There is a buffet in the middle salon.

The wing structure consists of bow and stern load-bearing wings and two flaps mounted on the side and bottom struts of the bow wing.

As the main engines on the ship, two diesel engines of type M-400 (12CHNS18/20) of right and left rotation, twelve-cylinder, four-stroke, turbocharged, water-cooled, reversible clutch, rated power 1000 hp can be installed. each at 1700 rpm, converted from aviation M-40. Propulsors - two five-bladed propellers of a fixed pitch ø 710 mm. To service the power plant and ship needs, a combined diesel-generator-compressor-pump unit was installed. The unit consists of a 12 hp diesel engine. at 1500 rpm. with starter and manual start, 5.6 kW generator, compressor and vortex self-priming pump. The mechanical installation of the ship is controlled from posts in the wheelhouse and in the engine room.

Electricity sources

The main source of electricity in running mode are two running DC generators with a power of 1 kW each at a normal voltage of 27.5 V, installed on the main engines. There is an automatic parallel operation of the generator and batteries. To power electricity consumers in the parking lot, an auxiliary DC generator with a power of 5.6 kW and a rated voltage of 28 V is installed.

"Meteor-193" was built at the Zelenodolsk plant named after. A.M. Gorky in 1984. Export version, built for sale in Brazil. It was equipped with Czechoslovakian aircraft seats. He worked in Kazan until 1997, belonged to the Volga United River Shipping Company, and later to the Tatflot company, and in 2004 was installed as a monument in front of the Kazan River Technical School named after Mikhail Devyatayev in honor of the centenary of this educational institution.

Address and coordinates of the object: Kazan, st. Nesmelova, 7, Kazan River College (now the Kazan branch of the Volga State University water transport"). Monument on Wikimapia.

Photographs of the monument are dated August 2011.

View from the nose:

View of the bow salon:

Stern:

Nose wing device:

Feed wing device:

Wheelhouse:

History of creation

The hydrofoil "Meteor" is the second winged passenger motor ship, developed by designer Rostislav Alekseev in 1959. The history of the creation of these vessels dates back to the early 1940s, when Alekseev became interested in the topic as a student and defended his graduation project on the topic “Hydrofoil glider.” In those years, the design did not attract the attention of senior management navy, but interested the chief designer of the Krasnoye Sormovo plant, where during the war Alekseev worked as a tank test master. Alekseev was allocated a small room, designating it as a “hydraulic laboratory,” and was allowed to devote three hours a day to his favorite topic. The development and testing of hydrofoil boat models and the search for an optimal design began. In 1945, on the A-5 boat of his own design, Alekseev reached Moscow under his own power, which finally attracted the attention of the military and received the task of equipping the 123K torpedo boat with hydrofoils, which he successfully completed (having worked out the next modernization of his know-how on the A boat -7 and simultaneously became familiar with the design of the captured German SPK TS-6) and received the Stalin Prize for it in 1951.

Rostislav Alekseev:

In parallel with this, the designer developed a project for the first river passenger hydrofoil ship “Raketa”. But with the implementation of the project, everything turned out to be not so simple: the engineer had to knock on the thresholds of ministries for years, fight bureaucratic inertia, conservatism, skepticism, and get funding... Real work on the “Rocket” began only in the winter of 1956, and the ship was launched was in 1957. Its demonstration at the World Festival of Youth and Students was a great success, then the Raketa was tested for a year on the Gorky-Kazan line, and from 1959 the ship went into production. A revolution was accomplished in the transportation of passengers along the river: the winged motor ship was almost five times faster than a conventional displacement ship.

The first “Rocket” on the Volga, 1958 (photo from the collection of the University of Denver):

Following the successful “Rocket”, the “Meteor” appeared - a ship larger, twice as spacious and faster than the first-born, and even capable of coping with a higher wave height. It carried up to 120 passengers and could reach speeds of up to 100 km/h (the actual operating speed was still lower - 60–70 km/h). The first Meteor went on a test flight from Gorky to Feodosia in the fall of 1959, and in 1960 it was presented in Moscow to the country's leadership and the public as an exhibit at an exhibition of the river fleet.

Sketches by R. Alekseev (from the book “From Concept to Implementation”):

The lead ship of the series (photo from the archive of E.K. Sidorov):

Two fragments of Soviet newsreels from those times, in which we are talking about a new outlandish ship:

Since 1961, Meteor went into production. "Meteor-2" was launched in September 1961, and on May 7, 1962, on the eve of Victory Day, led by the legendary pilot, Hero of the Soviet Union Mikhail Petrovich Devyatayev, left the waters of the Zelenodolsk shipyard named after. A.M. Gorky, where these ships were built. He was assigned to the Kazan river port. The next "Meteor" went to Moscow, the next - to Leningrad, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don... Over the course of several years, the vessels of the series spread along the rivers and reservoirs of the entire Soviet Union.

"Meteor-47" on the channel named after. Moscow (photo from the Moscow Canal Avenue):

"Meteor-59" on the Volga (photo from the archive of V.I. Polyakov).

The cargo ship "Partisanskaya Slava" delivers "Meteor-103" to Komsomolsk-on-Amur from the Black Sea (photo from the magazine "Marine Fleet":

In total, from 1961 to 1991, almost 400 ships were built, and they spread not only throughout the USSR, but also around the world: “Meteors” operated in Yugoslavia, Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, and Germany.

With the decline of the Union's economy and the advent of the market era, high-speed passenger transportation along rivers began to be massively reduced and closed: it was unprofitable. Government subsidies have come to naught, fuel, oil, spare parts have become expensive, and passenger traffic has become scarce: many passengers have acquired personal transport, the villages that winged ships connected with the cities were deserted, and competition appeared from bus routes. As a result, over the course of several years, many hydrofoil ships were cut into scrap metal. Some Soviet Meteors were luckier; they did not fall under the knife, but were sold abroad, and are now working in China, Vietnam, Greece, and Romania.

Greek "Falcon I"Greece - former Ukrainian "Meteor-19":

Vietnamese “Greenlines 9”, former Ukrainian “Meteor-27”:

Chang Xiang 1, China:

"Meteor-43" went to Romania and was renamed "Amiral-1":

In Russia, only a few dozen Meteors are currently operating: the main part is on tourist routes in St. Petersburg and Karelia, a few still carry passengers along the Volga (in Kazan, Yaroslavl and Rybinsk), a dozen and a half in total are collected on the northern rivers.

"Meteor-282" on the Ob (photo by Anatoly K):

Yaroslavl "Meteor-159" arrives in Tutaev (photo by Dmitry Makarov):

Kazan "Meteor-249" (photo Meteor216):

"Meteor-188" on Lena (photo by Vladimir Kunitsyn):

“Meteor-242” in the Kizhi skerries (photo by Dmitry Makarov):

"Meteor-189" on the Malaya Neva (photo by Seven_balls):

Serial production of Meteors ceased in 1991, but several more ships rolled off the stocks of the Zelenodolsk Shipyard. In particular, in 2001 and 2006, two Meteors were built for OJSC Severrechflot. In addition, the Nizhny Novgorod hydrofoil design bureau named after Rostislav Alekseev developed the Meteor-2000 modification with German Deutz engines and air conditioners, and several of these ships were sold to China. By 2007, the Meteor production line was finally dismantled, and they were replaced by planing ships of the A145 project.

Chinese “Chang Jiang 1” of the “Meteor-2000” project:

But the fate of the Krasnoyarsk “Meteor-235” was unusual: from 1994 to 2005 it served in the Yenisei River Shipping Company, after which it was sold, and a few years later, having changed owners again, it was modernized at the Krasnoyarsk Shipyard according to project 342E/310 , turned into a luxury yacht and was christened “Faithful”; According to rumors, it was the personal “Meteor” of the governor of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. It is easily recognizable by its futuristic appearance and dubious aesthetic value interior decoration with an abundance of leopard skins.

Construction and technical specifications

"Meteor-193" is a vessel of project 342E, developed by the Central Design Bureau for the SPK (chief designer - Rostislav Alekseev) in 1959 and produced by the Zelenodolsk Shipyard named after. A.M. Gorky. Type - two-screw passenger hydrofoil motor ship. The hull length is 34.6 meters, the width (according to the span of the hydrofoil structure) is 9.5 meters. The draft afloat is 2.35 meters, when moving on the wings it is about 1.2 meters. Displacement with full load is 53.4 tons. Operating speed - 65 km/h (record - 108 km/h). Cruising range (without replenishing fuel) - 600 km.

Meteor has three passenger cabin: in the bow, middle and stern parts of the ship. The total passenger capacity is 124 people.

Bow salon (photo by Dmitry Shchukin):


Middle salon (photo by Vladimir Burakshaev):

Between the middle and aft salons there is a small semi-covered (promenade) deck.

Promenade deck (photo by Vladimir Burakshaev):

The ship's control stations are located in the pilothouse, recessed into the semi-superstructure in the bow of the ship.

Wheelhouse (photo by Alexey Petrov):

The main engines are two V-shaped 12-cylinder turbodiesels of the M-400 type (a version of the M-40 aviation diesel, converted into a marine one) with a power of 1000 hp each. every. They rotate two five-bladed propellers with a diameter of 710 mm, which set the ship in motion.

Engine room (photo by Alexey Petrov):

Under the hull of the Meteor there is a wing device - bow and stern load-bearing wings and two hydroplaning wing flaps mounted on the struts of the bow wing. The wing flaps help the ship when it “takes wing”, and while moving, it does not allow it to return to displacement mode, sliding along the surface of the water.

The principle of their operation of the Meteor wings is the same as that of an airplane wing: the lifting force arises due to the occurrence of excess pressure under the wing profile and a rarefaction zone above it. As speed increases, the pressure difference “pushes” the vessel upward, the hull moves from the displacement position to the surface position, which significantly reduces the area of ​​contact with water and its resistance, which allows it to develop greater speed.

The Meteor's wing device uses the effect of a low-submerged hydrofoil, also known as the “Alekseev effect.” As a result of his research, Alekseev obtained such hydrodynamic characteristics of a hydrofoil in which it, rising to the surface of the water, gradually loses lift due to the braking of liquid particles in the zone close to the boundary of the media. Due to the fact that at a certain depth the lift of the wing approaches zero, it does not jump out of the water.

P.S. If dear participants find any inaccuracies, please report them.

At first glance it looks like the space boat from " Star Wars". In fact, this rusting ship was made more than 40 years ago. During the Cold War, similar hydrofoil ships plied the rivers in the Soviet Union at great speed, causing general delight and admiration of passengers.

The creators of the Soviet passenger ships hydrofoils used technology in which, after reaching a certain speed, the ship's hull rose above the surface of the water. This reduced drag and allowed incredible speeds of up to 150 km/h.

These ships were called “Rockets”, “Meteors”, “Comets”, “Satellites” (not surprising, since the space program was actively developing at that time), and some of the models were even equipped with turbines from aircraft.

The father of modern hydrofoils, ekranoplanes and ekranoplanes is the Soviet inventor Rostislav Alekseev. It was according to his drawings that almost 3,000 ships were built for Russian and Ukrainian rivers. Over the years, many different models have been introduced, with names inspired by the Soviet space age (Sputnik, Comet, Voskhod).

But then came the collapse of the Soviet Union and production of hydrofoils ceased. They were taken out of service and many of them today rust in ship cemeteries, one of which is located in the forest near the city of Perm.

Other ships have been sold different countries. For example, in Vietnam, the Voskhod hydrofoil boats, built in the 1970s, are still in use today, plying daily between Cat Ba Island and the city of Haiphong. Other former Soviet "Rockets" are still flying over rivers in Canada, Greece, the Netherlands, Thailand, Turkey and China.

One rich Russian even turned one of the ships into his personal luxury yacht. Another ship was turned into a trendy bar in the Ukrainian city of Kanev.