Submarine 877. Submarines of the Russian Navy (diesel-electric)

The diesel-electric submarine "Vladikavkaz" of project 877, code "Halibut" (NATO classification "Kilo"), is the fifth in a series of seven submarines built at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant in the city of Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod) for the Navy USSR.

The submarine was laid down under the name "B-459", construction number 608, on February 25, 1988. Launched on April 29, 1990. On September 28, 1990, she was accepted into the Navy.

Initially, the submarine was in service Black Sea Fleet, in 1991 was relocated to the Northern Fleet.

Project 877 diesel-electric submarines were designed by the Rubin Central Marine Engineering Design Bureau.

Main characteristics of Project 877 diesel-electric submarines: Surface displacement 2300 tons, underwater displacement 3040 tons. The maximum length is 72.6 meters, the maximum width is 9.9 meters, the average draft is 6.2 meters. Surface speed 10 knots, underwater from 17 to 19 knots. Working diving depth is 240 meters, maximum diving depth is 350 meters. Sailing autonomy is 45 days. Crew 57 people.

Power point:

Diesel-electric with full electric propulsion: 2 diesel generators of 1000…1500 kW; main electric motor 4,050…5,500 hp; economical electric motor with a power of 190 hp; two reserve electric motors of 102 hp each; one low-noise six-blade low-speed fixed-pitch propeller; 2 rechargeable batteries of 120 cells each.

Weapons:

Torpedo-mine armament: 6 bow-mounted TAs of 533 mm caliber, normally loaded, with automatic loading, 18 torpedoes or 24 mines.

Missile weapons: Turquoise ZM-54E1 (Club-S, modification 08773).

Air defense: on boats of the Russian Navy: “Strela-ZM” or “Igla-1”.

Submarines of this project are designed to combat surface and underwater ships, lay minefields, and conduct reconnaissance. They are among the quietest production submarines.

On August 2, 1997, the crew of the submarine signed a patronage agreement with the administration North Ossetia and the ship received its current name “Vladikavkaz” in honor of the capital of the republic.

Until 2008, the submarine served as part of the Red Banner Northern Fleet.

The diesel-electric submarine "Vladikavkaz" arrived at the Zvezdochka shipbuilding center for mid-life repairs and modernization in 2008. The state contract for the repair of the submarine was concluded in 2011 and the Zvezdochka shipbuilders began full-scale work to return the submarine to service.

On September 19, 2014, the ship was taken out of the boathouse and launched into the water. In 2015, at Vladikavkaz, and in the early summer of 2015, with the opening of navigation in the White Sea, the ship will go to sea to carry out the factory sea trials program.

August 05, 2015 factory sea trials program, from which on the morning of August 22. On September 23 at 16:00 in Severodvinsk, a solemn ceremony of handing over a diesel-electric submarine to the Russian Navy after mid-term repairs and modernization work took place. During the repair and modernization, the characteristics of on-board radio-electronic equipment and traffic control systems were significantly improved. The power plant control systems, as well as life support systems, have been improved.” After modernization, the ship will serve for the next ten years. September 29 to the historical base of the Northern Fleet - the city of Polyarny.

According to a message dated February 2, 2016 to the historical base of the Northern Fleet - the city of Polyarny - after successfully completing the tasks of a long voyage. On October 24, to the city of Polyarny after successfully completing the tasks of the long-distance trek.

According to a message dated January 10, 2017, the Nerpa Shipyard (Snezhnogorsk, Murmansk region) to undergo scheduled dock repairs. According to a message from April 22, the crew was training at the fleet training grounds in the Barents Sea. According to a message from September 7 to the main base of the Kola flotilla of heterogeneous forces of the Northern Fleet - the city of Polyarny, with the crew of a submarine of the same type. More three months The submariners were located far from their permanent base. The crew successfully completed the tasks of the long voyage, took part in the Main Naval Parade in Kronstadt and completed assigned combat training tasks in the Baltic and Barents Sea.

According to a message dated July 6, 2018, having completed an inter-naval transition from the Northern Fleet to the Baltic, to Kronstadt to participate in the Main Naval Parade, which will take place on July 29 in St. Petersburg and Kronstadt.

According to a message dated June 27, 2019, from the base in the city of Polyarny and began to move to the Baltic Sea to participate in the Main Naval Parade, which will take place in the city of St. Petersburg on the last Sunday of July. According to a message dated July 10, to Kronstadt to participate in the Main Naval Parade, which will take place on July 28 in St. Petersburg and Kronstadt.

Project 877 Halibut ships are a series of Soviet and Russian diesel-electric submarines, the development of which began in the 70s of the last century. The first ship was laid down in Komsomolsk-on-Amur in 1979 and launched in 1982. Project 887 submarines belong to the third generation of diesel-electric submarines.

These submarines are often called “Varshavyanka”, although this is not entirely accurate. Officially, Varshavyanka is a Project 636 submarine, which is a further development of the Halibut, its export modification. The second reason for such confusion in names is the fact that the Soviet Union initially planned to arm its Warsaw Pact allies with these submarines.

Currently, the Russian Navy includes 15 submarines of projects 877, 877LPMB, 877V and 877EKM. They are also in service with the navies of Algeria, Poland, Romania, India, China and Iran.

Submarines of projects 877 and 636 turned out to be so successful that they are still the main non-nuclear submarines Russian fleet. Moreover, their production continues to this day. For its low noise and invisibility in the West, “Varshavyanka” received the name “Black Hole”.

History of creation

Back in the early 70s, the Soviet Union decided to create a new diesel-electric submarine. By this time, the development of hydroacoustic systems had rendered Project 641B submarines obsolete. What was needed were ships of a new generation, relatively small, low noise, equipped with the latest detection and attack systems. The creation of the submarine was entrusted to the Leningrad Design Bureau "Rubin" - one of the leading enterprises of the USSR in the field of designing both nuclear and diesel-electric submarines.

The military demanded that new ship could be guaranteed to emerge victorious from a combat encounter with any submarine of this class due to the optimal combination of low noise, the effectiveness of enemy detection means and weapon power. In addition, this project initially laid the groundwork for further upgrades. It was assumed that the new submarine would be in service for several decades.

During the development of this project, there was a decision to supply the new submarine to the Warsaw Pact allies. Therefore, Project 887 submarines received the unofficial name “Varshavyanka”.

In 1974, military sailors prepared technical specifications for a new ship. Compared to Project 641, the designers needed to significantly increase the ship's underwater speed, improve its seaworthiness, and reduce the crew size by automating the main control processes. The developers should have paid special attention to the habitability of the new submarine and the comfort of the sailors.

To increase the speed and reduce the noise of the submarine, the developers proposed a completely new hull design. And if the Project 641B Som submarines were narrow and elongated, the light hull of the new submarine received a spindle-shaped shape, much similar to that used for nuclear submarines. The ratio of the boat's length to its width was 7.3.

This shape made hydrodynamic resistance minimal, which had a positive effect on the ship's underwater speed. The Rubin designers brought the hull of the future submarine to perfection in the test pool and on stands.

The project was approved by the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy in 1976, it was decided to launch production in Komsomolsk-on-Amur at the plant named after. Lenin Komsomol. Later, the production of Project 887 submarines was established in Gorky and Leningrad.

The laying of the lead ship of the series took place in 1979, and a year later the submarine was already accepted into the fleet. In 1981, the second ship of the project, the B-260 Chita, was laid down in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, and in 1983, the B-227 Vyborg. Currently, mainly ships that were launched in the late 80s - early 90s are in operation, for example:

• B-445 “St. Nicholas the Wonderworker”;
• submarine "Vladikavkaz";
• submarine "Yaroslavl";
• submarine "Magnitogorsk";
• submarine "Lipetsk";
• submarine B-394 “Nurlat”;
• B-187 "Komsomolsk-on-Amur".

Based on the basic model, several modifications of the submarine were later developed:

• 877E and 887EKM. Export versions of the submarine, which differed slightly from the basic modification in terms of equipment and weapons. Project 887E boats were intended for delivery to allies from the Warsaw Pact countries. Two submarines of this project are still in service with the Polish and Romanian navies. Project 887EKM ships were planned to be sold to capitalist countries. When developing this modification, special attention was paid to ensuring the operation of submarine components and mechanisms in tropical conditions. Currently, submarines of this project are actively used by the navies of several countries: India, Iran, China and Algeria. One submarine (Dimitrov) is part of the Russian fleet;
• 08773. This modification was specially developed for the Indian Navy. It differs from the basic one in the presence of the Club-S missile system, the new MGK-EM sonar system and modernized maintenance and control systems;
• 877LPMB. A modification that was laid down in 1987 at the Gorky Krasnoe Sormovo plant. The main difference between the only boat of this project is the new propeller made of Aurora alloy. It had seven blades of a special L-shape. In addition, this submarine was equipped with a low-speed main and auxiliary electric motor, which reduced the noise of the submarine. An escape hatch was also installed on the submarine, allowing the crew to leave the ship even from a depth of 250 meters. According to this project, the only submarine was built - the Kaluga submarine, which is still part of the Russian fleet;
• 877B. Another experimental project, which differs from the basic one by the presence of a water-jet propulsion device instead of the usual propeller. Thanks to this, the only ship of this project - the Alrosa submarine - is the quietest of the Varshavyankas;
• 636 "Varshavyanka". The most famous modification of the Halibut, which was developed on the basis of the 877EKM modification in the early 90s. The first boat of the project was built in 2005 for the Chinese Navy. Currently, the Chinese Navy already operates ten ships of this project, six “Varshavyankas” were manufactured for the Black Sea Fleet, and the same number should be included in the Pacific Fleet by 2022. Also, submarines of this project are operated by the navies of Vietnam and Algeria.
  Several series of this modification are equipped with Caliber missile systems; in addition, they are equipped with the latest navigation system and an automated information and control system. Compared to Project 877 boats, Varshavyanka boats have an even lower noise level, which allows them to be the first to detect the enemy and destroy him.

Description of design

Project 887 submarines are designed using a double-hull, single-shaft design. Moreover, the shape of the body is designed in such a way as to minimize water resistance and noise level. The main power plant (GPU) of the submarines of this project is diesel-electric.

The submarine's robust hull has a cylindrical cross-section with spherical end structures. It is divided into six compartments by waterproof bulkheads. The ship's lightweight hull is spindle-shaped and has a special coating on top that absorbs hydroacoustic radiation. In the space between the strong and lightweight hull there are main ballast tanks and other equipment. The boat can remain afloat even if one of the compartments and two main ballast tanks are flooded.

In the middle of the ship's hull there is a fence for the retractable device shafts (what is usually called the wheelhouse). It houses the navigation bridge. Moreover, all retractable devices, not counting the commander’s periscope, do not fit into the durable hull of the boat. This design made it possible to make the central post more spacious, significantly increasing the working comfort of sailors.

The bow horizontal rudders are made retractable. In addition, in order to reduce interference with the operation of the sonar system, the rudders were moved from the bow closer to the middle of the hull. For the same purpose, all mechanisms capable of creating noise were removed from the first compartment.

The bow compartment of the boat houses six torpedo tubes. The second compartment contains the central post and batteries, the third is residential, the fourth contains diesel generators, and the fifth contains electric motors. The sixth and last compartment houses the backup power plant.

The main power plant provides the ship with electrical propulsion both on the surface and in the submerged position. It consists of a main electric motor with a power of 5500 hp. With. and two diesel generators of 1500 kW each. The boat also has an underwater operating system (snorkel) and two lead-acid batteries, each of which consists of 120 cells. In addition, there is an economical electric motor and two backup electric motors. They are designed to move the ship in narrow places, mooring, and can be used if the main engine is damaged or out of order.

Most of the mechanisms of Project 887 ships are installed on special shock absorbers or have coatings that reduce vibration levels.

The maximum underwater speed for submarines of the project is 17 knots, surface speed is 10 knots.

The submarines of the project are armed with six 533-mm torpedo tubes, two of which can fire remote-controlled torpedoes. The ammunition load is 18 torpedoes.

Project 877 boats are equipped with a rapid torpedo loading device, which increases the rate of fire several times. This gives submarines a significant advantage in a duel situation.

To combat enemy aircraft, the boats are equipped with a retractable anti-aircraft system developed on the basis of the Strela-3 MANPADS.

The submarines of this project have the Murena BIUS. It allows you to track five targets simultaneously, two of them in automatic mode, and three in manual mode. This system ensures that corrections are made due to the movement of the target and that torpedoes are accurately aimed at it.

The boats of this project are equipped with active and passive radars that can operate in both surface and periscope modes.

In the 1970s, it was decided to replenish the Navy with diesel-electric submarines of a new generation, which needed to operate against submarines and surface ships, lay minefields, and conduct reconnaissance. must be relatively small, high-speed, low-noise, and have advanced radio, sonar and electronic equipment. Since these were going to be supplied to the allies under the Warsaw Pact, in addition to the usual project number - 877, it was given a proper name - "Varshavyanka". NATO classification – "Kilo".

Submarine B-871 "Alrosa" pr.877B KILO enters the Cartagena roadstead to participate in the "Bold Monarch 2011" maneuvers jointly with NATO fleets. May 25, 2011.

Their development in 1974, according to the specifications approved by the USSR Navy, was carried out by designers from the Rubin Central Design Bureau, headed by Yu.N. Kormilitsyn together with the Research Institute named after. Krylova. If Project 641 submarines were traditionally narrow and long, then the outer and lightweight hull of the Halibut was spindle-shaped, with a round bow configuration like a nuclear submarine. The hull itself was designed in such a way that hydrodynamic resistance was minimal. Several models were tested and perfected in the test pool and on test benches.

The design of Project 877 Halibut submarines is double-hulled. The shape of the housing was maximally adapted to reduce noise and resistance. The durable body is made in the form of a cylinder, the cross sections are circular. AK-25 steel was used to make a durable case. The body end structures are spherical. Robust watertight bulkheads divide the hull into six compartments:
1st – bow, serves to accommodate torpedo tubes;
2nd – main command post and batteries;
3rd – double-deck, residential, galley and cabins on the upper deck, batteries on the lower deck;
4th – diesel generators;
5th – propulsion electric motors;
6th – backup power plant and electric motors for economic propulsion.

Submarine pr.877EKM serial number 01325 Sindhurakshak of the Indian Navy during testing after repair with modernization in Severodvinsk, 11/25/2012.

The lightweight body was given a streamlined, spindle-shaped “Albacore” shape. A special coating absorbs radiation from enemy hydroacoustic systems. Main ballast tanks, other tanks, as well as various equipment are located in the double-hull space. Although, due to the double-hull design, the submarine has a significant underwater volume, in emergency situations this makes it possible to increase survivability by ensuring unsinkability with large submerged volumes of the ship. In the cruising position, the submarine can remain afloat even if any compartment and two adjacent main ballast tanks on one side are flooded.

The fencing of the retractable device shafts is located approximately in the middle of the ship. A navigation bridge is also equipped in it. All retractable devices, with the exception of the commander's periscope, are designed to not penetrate the durable casing. Thanks to this, the central post was made more spacious and convenient for controlling the ship and its combat systems.

The bow horizontal rudders were also made retractable. To reduce the interference they cause in the operation of the hydroacoustic complex, they were moved from the bow to the middle part of the hull. Also, the scuppers were removed from the bow end, and all mechanisms that emitted noise from the first compartment were removed.

The main power plant was designed according to a full electric propulsion scheme, that is, in the surface and submerged positions, the movement is provided by a propeller electric motor. The main power plant includes:
— main propulsion electric motor PG141 (power 5500 hp). The B-800 submarine and Project 636 boats are equipped with a low-speed PG165 engine of the same power.
— 2 diesel generators 4DL-42МХ (power of each 1500 kW, the first two submarines of Project 877 were equipped with 2х4DL-42М power of each 1000 kW) with a system for operating the diesel generator under water. The 877M and 636 modifications are equipped with a 30DG diesel generator (one power of 1500 kW), which also operates with a RDP.
— two groups of lead-acid batteries.

For the economical running mode, a special 190-horsepower electric motor PG142 is provided. Starting with the submarine B-800/project 877V/project 636, a low-speed 190-horsepower PG166 engine is installed.

Submarine B-871 "Alrosa" pr.877V and disassembled water-jet propulsion, Sevastopol, regular repair, January 12, 2006.

A design feature of Project 877 submarines is the presence of a pair of backup 102-horsepower electric motors PG-168. These engines provide the boat with propulsion in narrow places, allow maneuvering during mooring, and can also be used for propulsion in the event of damage to the main shaft and propeller.

A low-speed six-blade fixed-pitch propeller is used as a propulsion device. On boats B-470 and B-800 there is a 7-blade made of Aurora alloy with saber-shaped blades. On the sides in the rear part of the hull there are thruster water jets. The process of diving/surfacing of a submarine is automated.

When moving in a submerged position, the submarine develops maximum speed at 17 knots, on the surface – 10 knots. The underwater cruising range at a speed of 7 knots in diesel operating mode is 6,000 miles; at an economical speed at a speed of 3 knots in a submerged position, the boat can cover 400 miles.

Starting with the B-800 submarine, they are equipped with an escape hatch, which allows you to leave the flooded submarine from depths of up to 250 meters (made in the stern).

Energy – two groups of lead-acid batteries with 120 elements each. Project 636M submarines use batteries that have a service life increased by 2.5 times while maintaining the same power.

The boats were equipped with an advanced navigation system. Various modifications of Project 877 “Halibut” are equipped with the Andoga, Apassionata-EKM, and Apassionata-EKM.1 complexes. To search for surface targets and monitor the air situation, a radar station is used, as well as means that detect radiation from enemy radars. Hydroacoustic equipment – ​​active and passive.

Information from all surveillance equipment and posts enters the multi-purpose BUIS (“Lama” / “Knot”, “Lama-EKM” / “Knot”), is processed by a computer, and then transferred to the commander’s disposal, to the command post, which is isolated from other compartments . General ship systems are controlled from the Palladium or Palladium-EM control panel (depending on the modification).

Loading a Club-S missile into the torpedo tube of the Indian submarine pr.08773. For loading, a platform attached to the submarine hull is used..

Most of the mechanisms are equipped with vibration-absorbing coatings and mounted on shock absorbers, others are arranged on special platforms in blocks, which, together with a low-noise propeller and a streamlined hull, makes the submarine less noticeable compared to other types of submarines.

The submarine's armament is six 533-mm torpedo tubes located at the bow.. Of these, two devices in the upper tier are designed to fire remote-controlled torpedoes. Control and reloading (the Murena fast recharging device is used) is remote with a gearbox. Loading of torpedoes was carried out using a special loading device. Ammunition - 18 torpedoes, 6 of which were in torpedo tubes, 12 - on racks. Torpedoes 53-56B, 53-56BA, 53-65K, SET-53M, TEST-71M, SET-65E, USET-80K could be used. Instead of torpedoes, 24 DM-1 mines could be taken on board: 12 mines for torpedo tubes (2 per tube) and the same amount for racks.

For air defense, Project 877 submarines that were part of the Soviet Navy were armed with the Strela-3 retractable anti-aircraft missile system (during the modernization process, Strela-3M and Igla-1 9M313 were installed). The complex's ammunition capacity is 8 missiles.

Projects 08773, 636M/06361 used a missile complex Club-S with the launch of cruise missiles from torpedo tubes of the upper tier from an underwater position. Ammunition - 4 missiles. Project 06363 used the Kalibr-PL missile system with missiles launched from an underwater position.

A powerful mine-torpedo weapon system can solve multi-purpose tasks. It ensures firing of ammunition at any diving depth and, together with the BIUS, allows not only single, but also salvo firing at 2 targets.

In Komsomolsk-on-Amur in 1979, the shipyard began building the lead submarine of Project 877, and in September 1982 it entered service. Later, ships of this project were produced in Leningrad, as well as at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant. After they were spotted by foreign observers in 1981, NATO gave them the designation "Kilo."

Construction of the series for the Navy continued after 1992. During the construction process, the project was constantly improved. For example, the B-800 submarine (created according to project 877LPMB) had a saber-shaped seven-blade propeller made of Aurora alloy. This submarine was the first of the 877 project to be equipped with an escape hatch and a system that made it possible to exit the submarine from a depth of 250 meters. Other equipment in the warhead-5 was made on a new element base. The submarine received a low-speed main propeller electric motor and an electric propulsion engine and other innovations, as well as additional acoustic equipment from the MGK-400 hydroacoustic complex (for this purpose, the SPK cabin was even reduced), new navigational equipment not included in the navigation complex, and so on.

The last eight ships of the series were built according to a slightly modified design. Thanks to the increase in the hull of the boat by two spacing (2x600 mm), more powerful diesel generators were mounted on them (1.5 times), with improved shock absorption of the platform, a Hall anchor that was retracted inside, and a low-speed main electric motor. In total, 30 pieces of equipment were replaced with new ones that are more maintainable and quieter. The service life of equipment has doubled, and the maintainability of ships has improved.

Submarine pr.877 with a diesel generator operating under the RDP, Baltic Sea, 09/10/2007.

Modifications:

Project 877 "Halibut"(subseries 08770) - the basic production version of the submarine, the head ones - B-248, B-401. In addition to the 08770 series, there were the 08771 or 08772 series - which differed between manufacturing plants.

Project 877E “Varshavyanka”— export modification of the Project 877 submarine of the first series. Delivered to Warsaw Pact countries. It differs mainly in equipment and is not equipped with an air defense system.

Project 877EK– submarines were not built, it is an “export commercial” version adapted to tropical operating conditions.

Project 877EKM- “export commercial modernized” version of the Project 877 submarine. Deliveries were made to Algeria, India, Iran and China. The MGK-400E hydroacoustic system was installed. The project was adapted to tropical operating conditions. In 1999, the Indian Navy was modernized and designated Project 08773. Modification of equipment and weapons systems (equipped with Club-S cruise missile launchers). Received the Lama-ER control system, the new MGK-400EM/MGK-EM sonar system, and the Palladium-M combat information and control system. On the modification of the submarine, the rudder group and design were kept similar to the 877EKM project.

Project 877LPMB (B-800 "Kaluga")– equipped with a 7-bladed propeller made of Aurora alloy with saber-shaped blades. An escape hatch was also equipped, which allows evacuation from a depth of up to 250 m. The equipment of the BC-5 was redesigned, the economical propulsion engine and the main propulsion motor were lower speed. Additional navigational equipment was installed on the boat.

Project 877B– equipped with a water-jet propulsion device. By main tactical and technical characteristics similar to project 877.

Project 877M "Halibut-M"– 8 latest submarines of the Project 877 series for the Russian Navy. The body is extended by 1.2 m.

Project 877B- modernization project for the Project 877 submarine. Research and development work was carried out in the 1980s on the basis of Project 877M. According to this project, the experimental submarine B-90 “Sargan” was laid down, later completed under project 20120.

Projects 877K/877MK– modernized projects 877 and 877M. after upgrading the equipment (in particular the combat information and control system).

Project 636- developed by the Rubin Central Design Bureau, is an export modification of the 877M project for the Chinese Navy, the equipment is modernized according to the 877M project type, sound-absorbing technologies are widely used.

Project 636M– a modernized version of Project 636. The composition of the equipment has been changed, an inertial navigation complex, a periscope with a laser range finder, a TV channel and a night vision channel have been installed. Towed communication antenna for HF and VHF bands. Club-S cruise missiles can be used, launched through torpedo tubes from an underwater position. Project 06361 - modification of a submarine for the Vietnamese Navy. Project 06363 – modification of the project with updated equipment. Armed with the Caliber missile system.

The project of a special submarine based on Project 877 is probably intended to carry out work on laying pipelines along the seabed. It is possible that, once equipped, it can be used for a wide range of jobs.

Submarine B-464 "Ust-Kamchatsk" pr.877 (modernized) in the floating dock.

Project 877 Halibut submarines and their modifications were delivered to:
Algeria - 2 submarines of project 877EKM;
India - 9 submarines of project 877EKM (8 modernized by 08773) + 1 built by project 08773;
Iran - 3 submarines 877EKM;
China – 1 Project 636M submarine + 2 Project 877EKM submarines;
Poland - 1 submarine of project 877E;
Romania - 1 submarine of project 877E.

The Russian Navy has 24 Project 877 Halibut diesel-electric submarines and their modifications.

Light hull structures of the submarine B-261 "Novorossiysk" pr.06363 at the Admiralty Shipyards. St. Petersburg, November 27, 2012.

Launching after repair of the submarine Taregh pr.877EKM Iranian Navy, May 28, 2012.

Main Features:

Surface displacement – ​​2300 tons;
Underwater displacement – ​​3040 t;
Maximum length – 72.6 m;
Buoyancy reserve – 32%;
Durable hull length – 51.8 m;
Maximum width – 9.9 m;
Draft along the vertical line – 6.2 m;

Main power plant:
- number and power of diesel engines - 2x1000 kW, type DL42MH (on the last 8 boats 2x1500 kW type 30DG);
— number and power of the main motor – 1x5500 hp, type PG-141 (on the last 8 boats 1x5500 hp type PG-165, on 877EKM – 1x4050 hp)
— number and power of electric motors EH – 1x190 hp. (PG-166);
— number and power of backup propulsion engines – 2x102 hp. (PG-168);
— propulsors – low-noise fixed pitch propeller;
- fuel reserve - 172 tons;
— number of battery groups, number of elements – 2x120;

Surface speed – 10 knots;
Underwater speed – 17…19 knots;
Economic underwater speed – 3 knots;
Submarine range (speed 7 knots, under RDP) - 7500 miles;
Underwater range (speed 3 knots) – 400 miles;
Working depth of immersion - 240 m;
Periscope immersion depth – 17.5 m;
Maximum immersion depth - 350 m;
Autonomy – 45 days;
Crew – 57 people;

Weapons:
- missile system (project 08773) - Ciub-S;
- bow torpedo tubes - 6 pcs.;
— caliber — 533 mm
- number of torpedoes - 18 (SET-65E, 53-65K, TEST-71M, USET-80K);
- number and type of mines (instead of torpedoes) - 24 pcs., DM-1;
— MANPADS — “Strela-ZM”/“Igla-1”;
State identification radar - "Nichrome-M".

Astronauts are, of course, heroes. They go to places where human life is impossible. They are separated from the hostile environment only by the walls of a cramped apparatus. To maintain human existence in space, a complex life support system is used.

If something were to happen to this technique, it would be very difficult to escape. However, if we talk not about astronauts, but about submariners, not about space, but about the depths of the sea, all this will again be true.

The submarine "Vyborg" is moored in Kronstadt. There is an ice field all around, but if necessary, the military icebreaker stationed nearby can quickly deal with it. Nearby is the Marine Plant, where a year ago the submarine underwent regular repairs.

The Project 877 warship (“Kilo” according to NATO classification) is no longer young. It was built in 1982 in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, but even now the Vyborg is still in service, protecting the country’s security in the waters of the Baltic. This is not a giant with a nuclear reactor and missile weapons; the dimensions of the ship are much more modest: the underwater displacement is 3040 tons. But the relatively small size, shape and design of this submarine give it a very important advantage - low noise and stealth. In the West, Project 877 was nicknamed the “Black Hole”.

The submarine's compartments are separated by hatches. In the event of an emergency, they will be battened down and create a sealed barrier between the compartments.

Electricity only

One of the design features of the boat, which allows it to reduce noise, is full electric propulsion. For those times when Vyborg was built, the solution was very innovative. Diesel-electric boats of earlier projects ran on diesel power on the surface, and only under water the propellers were turned using electric motors powered by batteries. The Vyborg has two thousand-kilowatt diesel engines, and they have nothing to do with the propeller. While the boat is on the surface or at periscope depth, the diesel engines rotate the shafts of the generators, and they charge the batteries. The propeller is driven either by the main propeller electric motor PG-142 (4040 kW) or by an economic propulsion electric motor.

The previous generation of diesel-electric submarines had a long and thin hull. “Vyborg” has a thickened spindle-shaped shape. This somewhat worsens the seaworthiness of the ship while moving on the surface, but optimizes the hydrodynamic properties under water. Vibration-absorbing coatings on the body also contribute to low noise and stealth.

The central control station located in the second compartment is perhaps the most spacious room on a submarine.

Project 877 turned out to be so successful that Project 636 Varshavyanka submarines began to be built on its basis in the mid-1990s. They have higher speed, a more powerful propulsion motor and the latest navigation system. Unlike Project 877, Varshavyanka carries on board not only torpedo and mine weapons, but also anti-ship cruise missiles launched through torpedo tubes (the export name of the Club-S missile system).

Long sleep in Kronstadt

But, despite the appearance of the “Varshavyankas” (in the West they are called Improved Kilo - improved Kilo), the boats of the 877th project remain in service. An example of this is “Vyborg”. Let's meet the commander of the ship: Sergei Oleynikov, captain of the 2nd rank, was appointed to the position in December 2013, just when the Marine Plant was completing the next repair of the submarine. “Even though the Vyborg is not a nuclear boat, it cannot be called small,” says Sergei Oleinikov. — NATO submarines operating here in the Baltic have a maximum underwater displacement of 1,500 tons, but there are also smaller ships (500-700 tons). Nevertheless, the dimensions allow the Vyborg to remain a low-noise, stealth and multifunctional ship. It can fight enemy surface and submarine ships, lay mines, conduct reconnaissance, including landing reconnaissance groups.”

“How intense is naval activity in the Baltic?” we ask the commander of the Vyborg. “At sea, NATO countries and other neighboring states are constantly conducting exercises and reconnaissance activities, and, naturally, we often record the presence of foreign warships. Someone meets us, someone accompanies us, someone sees us off. But all this is within the rules, there are no conflicts here.”

“Vyborg” did not become “Vyborg” right away. After being built in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, the B-227 submarine went to the Pacific Fleet, and two years later crossed under its own power to the Baltic, where it served in the Baltic Fleet of the USSR Navy. In 1993, the ship was transferred from the then foreign Liepaja to Kronstadt. And then the submarine stood idle for a whole decade. It's like it's undergoing a long renovation. Only towards the end of the last decade after testing did it return to service. Then, in 2008, the administration of the Vyborg district of the Leningrad region took patronage over the ship, and the boat was given the name “Vyborg”. After several years of service, the Vyborg was again sent for repairs. “We weren’t talking about a major modernization,” says the ship’s commander, “but the equipment on board is constantly changing, and this mainly concerns electronics—the radio station, information output devices. Plus ongoing repairs."

Gate of Salvation

We are invited to inspect the boat. And immediately the linguistic surprises begin. The superstructure above the hull of a submarine is usually colloquially called the deckhouse. In fact, the correct name for this structural element is a retractable device guard. Antennas, periscope, snorkel... No, our submariners don’t agree with the word “snorkel” either. “Snorkel” is a German word, but similar devices were created in Russia during the First World War. Therefore, it would be more correct to say “a mine for operating a diesel engine under water.” As for the “fencing of retractable devices”, in addition to these same devices, the Vyborg has a navigation bridge, and this partly justifies the term “cabinet”. However, there are submarines that do not have any control posts inside their enclosure.

The boat is built according to a double-hull design - a strong hull inside, a light hull outside. Between them is a ballast system. On the sides of the boat you can see scuppers - slits through which water drains from the inter-hull space.

Speed ​​(surface): 10 knots // Speed ​​(underwater): 17−19 knots // Working diving depth: 240 m // Maximum diving depth: 350 m // Navigation autonomy: 45 days // Crew: 57 people // Displacement surface: 2300 t // Displacement underwater: 3040 t // Maximum length: 72.6 m // Maximum hull width: 9.9 m // Average draft: 6.2 m.

Even before you step inside the robust hull, you can see how many devices in the boat's design are related to rescue in an emergency situation. Here's the emergency buoy. In the event of a disaster, special mechanisms release the cable, and the buoy floats above the accident site. It not only signals the location of the boat, but even allows you to talk to the crew by phone - the device is located in a special sealed container. Another device is a hydroacoustic alarm: it sends sound signals that will help rescuers locate the location of a submarine lying on the bottom.

Above the first and sixth compartments on the hull of the boat two large metal rings, polished almost to a shine, are visible. These are coaming platforms. In the event of an accident, a rescue vehicle will be able to moor to them. The surface of the rings must be smooth to ensure a tight connection with the soft gasket of the device. After mooring, the device pumps out water from the space between two hatches - its own and the submarine's; the pressure there becomes equal to the pressure inside the submarine. Now the hatch can be opened and the crew can climb into the rescue apparatus.

Captain 2nd Rank Sergei Oleynikov, commander of the submarine “Vyborg”: “The dimensions of the “Vyborg” allow the submarine to remain a low-noise and inconspicuous ship. It can fight enemy surface and submarine ships, lay mines, and land reconnaissance groups.”

Periscope - forever!

To get inside the ship, you need to enter the retractable enclosure, climb up a few steps, and then go down a few meters on a vertical ladder. The tightness inside submarines is a well-known fact, but here it is felt as the saturation of the surrounding space with an endless number of structural elements. Everything is in plain sight here. Everything here looks like a steampunk lover's delight and a plumber's nightmare. Pipes of hydraulic and pneumatic systems with a huge number of nut connections, valves, and valves run along the walls at all levels. “Of course, on boats of more modern designs, control systems based on mechanics and hydraulics are replaced by electric actuators controlled by wire, and this saves space and reduces the weight of the equipment,” crew members tell us, “but, on the other hand, electronics are a thing capricious, especially in the context of improving electronic warfare (EW) methods. The hydraulics are simpler and more maintainable in field conditions.”

Only here, moving from compartment to compartment through round hatches, looking at the tiny rooms for everything - from the galley to living cabins - do you understand that it is difficult to talk about comfort in the underwater service. Everything here is adapted to the limited space. Even the wardroom, if necessary, turns into an operating room. We are wondering if there are restrictions on height and build for submariners. No, they tell us, everyone is getting used to it. There are more serious health restrictions: you must be able to live and work with a lack of oxygen in the air.

A submarine is a closed gas volume, which is why various kinds of problems arise. For example, explosive mixtures may occur. In the event of an explosion or fire, it is necessary to immediately suppress the combustion reaction, for which the LOX system (boat volumetric chemical protection) is used, affecting the combustion points with the help of an inert gas (freon). This system can save lives, but it can also turn out to be deadly: in 2008, on the K-152 Nerpa nuclear submarine, an unauthorized launch of LOCs led to the death of 20 submariners.

Originally from St. Petersburg

The Vyborg submarine belongs to Project 877 Halibut. Initially, it was assumed that some of these ships would be delivered to the Warsaw Pact countries, so the project received the unofficial name “Varshavyanka”. Nowadays, Project 636 submarines, a modernization of the Halibut, are called “Varshavyanka”. Project 877 boats, belonging to the third generation, were developed by the Leningrad Design Bureau "Rubin" under the leadership of Yu.N. Kormiltsina. The first boats of the Halibut type (including the B-227 Vyborg) were produced in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, then production was moved to Leningrad and Gorky. Boats of this type have a double-hull design, traditional for Soviet submarine shipbuilding. The ship is divided into six compartments; the torpedo armament is located on the upper deck of the first compartment. The armament includes six 533 mm torpedo tubes, up to 18 torpedoes or 24 mines. The Strela-3 defensive air defense missile system could be used on the surface.

A submarine is a ship that must always be ready to fight for the survivability and rescue of the crew. The first, second and sixth compartments, which are survivability compartments, store rafts and communications equipment. In the event of an accident, submariners can leave the boat, wearing wetsuits and breathing apparatus, through the hatches of the coaming platforms (the first and sixth compartments) or through the decompression chamber (the second compartment). It is also possible to exit the boat through the torpedo tubes from the torpedo deck of the first compartment. Each compartment (which can be hermetically sealed in case of an emergency) contains food and water supplies and batteries for air regeneration.

The “brain” of the ship is the central post. It is located on the upper deck of the second compartment. Below it are the radio operator's and navigator's cabins. It is through the second compartment that all retractable devices, such as a periscope, pass through. Is it needed in our time? Is there no need for it anymore given the availability of modern hydroacoustic and radar equipment and other systems for monitoring the surrounding space?

“No,” answers Sergei Oleinikov, “the periscope will never lose its relevance. Technical means of surveillance and detection are subject to various influences - for example, electronic warfare. But the visible range is not affected by them. In addition, information from locators is only marks on the screen; they are often uninformative. A glance through the periscope immediately allows you to assess the type of ship, its displacement, course, and speed. And all this according to the periscope marks, quickly, without complex calculations.”

In continuation of publications about submarines that were previously in service with the navies of the USSR and Russia, and converted into museums, we bring to your attention brief overview modern Russian submarines. The first part will look at non-nuclear (diesel-electric) submarines.

Currently, the Russian Navy is armed with diesel-electric submarines of three main projects: 877 Halibut, 677 Lada and 636 Varshavyanka.

All modern Russian diesel-electric submarines are built according to a scheme with full electric propulsion: the main engine is an electric motor powered by batteries, which are recharged on the surface or at periscope depth (when air enters through the RDP shaft) from a diesel generator. The diesel generator compares favorably with diesel engines in its smaller dimensions, which is achieved by increasing the shaft rotation speed and eliminating the need for reverse.

Project 877 "Halibut"

Submarines of Project 877 (code "Halibut", according to NATO classification - Kilo) - a series of Soviet and Russian submarines from 1982-2000. The project was developed at the Rubin Central Design Bureau, the general designer of the project is Yu.N. Kormilitsin. The lead ship was built in 1979-1982. at the plant named after Lenin Komsomol in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Subsequently, Project 877 ships were built at the Krasnoye Sormovo shipyard in Nizhny Novgorod and JSC "Admiralty Shipyards" in St. Petersburg.

For the first time in the USSR, the hull of the boat was made in an “airship” shape with an optimal length to width ratio from the point of view of streamlining (slightly more than 7:1). The chosen shape made it possible to increase the underwater speed and reduce noise, at the expense of deteriorating seaworthiness on the surface. The boat has a double-hull design, traditional for the Soviet school of submarine shipbuilding. The light hull limits the developed nasal tip, in the upper part of which there are torpedo tubes, and the lower part is occupied by the developed main antenna of the Rubicon-M hydroacoustic complex.

The project boats received an automated weapon system. The armament included 6 torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber, up to 18 torpedoes or 24 mines. IN Soviet era The ships were equipped with a defensive air defense missile system "Strela-3", which could be used on the surface.

Submarine B-227 "Vyborg" of project 877 "Halibut"

Submarine B-471 "Magnitogorsk" project 877 "Halibut"

Longitudinal section of the submarine Project 877 "Halibut":

1 - main antenna of SJSC "Rubicon-M"; 2 - 533 mm TA; 3 - first (bow or torpedo) compartment; 4 - anchor spire; 5 - bow hatch; 6 - spare torpedoes with a fast loading device; 7 - bow horizontal rudder with tilting mechanism and drives; 8 - living quarters; 9 - bow group AB; 10 - gyrocompass repeater; 11 - navigation bridge; 12 - attack periscope PK-8.5; 13 - anti-aircraft and navigation periscope PZNG-8M; 14 - PMU of the RDP device; 15 - durable cabin; 16 - PMU antenna of the radar "Cascade"; 17 - PMU of the direction finder antenna "Frame"; 18 - PMU antenna SORS MRP-25; 19 - container (fender) for storing the Strela-ZM MANPADS; 20 - second compartment; 21 - central post; 22 - third (living) compartment; 23 - aft group AB; 24 - fourth (diesel generator) compartment; 25 - DG; 26 - cylinders of the VVD system; 27 - fifth (electric motor) compartment; 28 - GGED; 29 - emergency buoy; 30 - sixth (aft) compartment; 31 - aft hatch; 32 - GED of economic progress; 33 - stern rudder drives; 34 - shaft line; 34 - aft vertical stabilizer.

Tactical and technical data of project 877 "Halibut":

Project 677 "Lada" ("Cupid")

Project 677 submarines (code "Lada") - a series of Russian diesel-electric submarines developed at the end of the 20th century at the Rubin Central Design Bureau, general designer of the project Yu.N. Kormilitsin. The boats are designed to destroy enemy submarines, surface ships and ships, protect naval bases, sea ​​coast and maritime communications, reconnaissance. The series is a development of project 877 "Halibut". A low noise level was achieved thanks to the choice of a single-hull design type, a reduction in the dimensions of the ship, the use of an all-mode main propulsion motor with permanent magnets, the installation of vibration-active equipment and the introduction of a new generation of anti-hydrolocation coating technology. Project 677 submarines are being built at the Admiralty Shipyards JSC in St. Petersburg.

The Project 677 submarine is made according to the so-called one-and-a-half-hull design. The axisymmetric, durable body is made of AB-2 steel and has the same diameter along almost the entire length. The bow and stern ends are spherical in shape. The hull is divided along the length into five waterproof compartments by flat bulkheads; by means of platforms, the hull is divided in height into three tiers. The lightweight body is given a streamlined shape, providing high hydrodynamic characteristics. The fencing of the retractable devices has the same shape as that of Project 877 boats, at the same time, the stern empennage is cross-shaped, and the front horizontal rudders are placed on the fencing, where they create minimal interference with the operation of the hydroacoustic complex.

Compared to Varshavyanka, the surface displacement has been reduced by almost 1.3 times - from 2,300 to 1,765 tons. Full submerged speed increased from 19-20 to 21 knots. The crew size was reduced from 52 to 35 submariners, while the autonomy remained unchanged - up to 45 days. Boats of the "Lada" type are distinguished by a very low noise level, a high level of automation and a relatively low price compared to foreign analogues: the German type 212, and the Franco-Spanish project "Scorpene", while possessing more powerful weapons.

Submarine B-585 "St. Petersburg" project 677 "Lada"

Longitudinal section of the Project 677 Lada submarine:

1 - fencing of the main antenna of the sonar; 2 - nasal central hemorrhage; 3 - 533 mm TA; 4 - torpedo loading hatch; 5 - anchor; 6 - bow (torpedo) compartment; 7 - spare torpedoes with a fast loading device; 8 - fence of auxiliary mechanisms; 9 - nasal AB; 10 - navigation bridge; 11 - durable cabin; 12 - second (central post) compartment; 13 - central post; 14 - main command post; 15 - REV aggregate enclosure; 16 enclosure of auxiliary equipment and general ship systems (bilge pumps, pumps of the general ship hydraulic system, converters and air conditioners); 17 - third (living and battery) compartment; 18 - wardroom and galley block; 19 - residential premises and medical block; 20 - aft battery; 21 - fourth (diesel generator) compartment; 22 - DG; 23 - fence of auxiliary mechanisms; 24 - fifth (electric motor) compartment; 25 - GED; 26 - fuel tank; 27 - stern rudder drives; 28 - shaft line; 29 - aft Central City Hospital; 30 - aft vertical stabilizers; 31 fairing of the GPBA exit channel.

Tactical and technical data of project 677 "Lada":

*Amur-950" - an export modification of Project 677 "Lada" is equipped with four torpedo tubes and a launcher for ten missiles, capable of firing a salvo of ten missiles in two minutes. Immersion depth - 250 meters. Crew - from 18 to 21 people. Autonomy - 30 days .

Due to shortcomings of the power plant, the planned serial construction of boats of this project in its original form was canceled, the project will be further developed.

Project 636 "Varshavyanka"

Submarines of Project 636 (code "Varshavyanka", according to NATO classification - Improved Kilo) multi-purpose diesel-electric submarines are an improved version of the export submarine Project 877EKM. The project was also developed at the Rubin Central Design Bureau, under the leadership of Yu.N. Kormilitsin.

Submarines of the Varshavyanka class, which combines projects 877 and 636 and their modifications, are the main class of non-nuclear submarines produced in Russia. They are in service with both Russian and a number of foreign fleets. The project, developed in the late 1970s, is considered very successful, so the construction of the series, with a number of improvements, continues in the 2010s.

Submarine B-262 "Stary Oskol" project 636 "Varshavyanka"

Tactical and technical data of project 636 "Varshavyanka":

To be continued.