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England's position in relation to neighboring countries. Economic and geographical characteristics of the country of Great Britain

The peculiarities of the economic and geographical position of Great Britain include the location of the state on the islands, as well as the presence of a land border with only one power - Ireland. In addition, the UK includes 4 large regions: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Physico-geographical position of Great Britain

Great Britain or the United Kingdom is an island country located in northwestern Europe. It occupies the island of Great Britain, the northern part of the island of Ireland, as well as many smaller islands and archipelagos belonging to the British Isles. In addition, the state owns several island archipelagos located in Oceania, the Indian and Atlantic oceans.

Rice. 1. Island of Great Britain.

In ancient times, the British Isles were part of the Eurasian continent, but melting glaciers and flooding of lands led to the formation of the North Sea and the English Channel, which separated Great Britain from Europe.

Great Britain is located in the Atlantic Ocean, which is represented by several small seas: the North, Irish, Celtic and Hebrides.

The area of the United Kingdom is 243.8 thousand square meters. km, of which inland waters I occupy 3.23 thousand square meters. km. The length of the state from north to south is 966 km, and the distance in its widest part is about 480 km. Most extreme point to the south is the Cornwall peninsula, and to the north is the Shetland Islands archipelago.

The entire coastline is indented by numerous deltas, bays, bays and peninsulas, as a result of which the maximum distance of any point in the country from the sea does not exceed 120 km.

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Rice. 2. UK coast.

Off the coast, the sea depth is about 90 m, since the British Isles are located on the continental shelf - a raised seabed connected to the mainland. The warm Gulf Stream maintains a fairly high water temperature on the shelf, making the climate on the islands much milder even taking into account their northern location.

UK borders

The United Kingdom shares a land border with only one country - the Republic of Ireland, which occupies southern part islands of Ireland, while its northern part belongs to Great Britain.

All other borders of the country are maritime:

in the south, Great Britain is separated from France by the English Channel;
in the southeast island state separated from Belgium and Norway by the shallow North Sea.

Large role in communication between Great Britain and the mainland European states plays the English Channel, which is often called the English Channel. At the end of the 20th century, a tunnel was built along its bottom for high-speed rail traffic. In addition, communication between the countries is carried out by air and waterways.

Introduction page 2

Main part:

1. Geographical location page 2

2. State system p. 3

3. Relief page 3

4. Minerals page 4

5. Climate page 5

6. Water resources page 5

7. Soils page 6

8. Agriculture page 7

9. Industry p. 7

Conclusion page 9

List of sources and literature page 10

Geographical location

Introduction:

The topic “Economic and geographical position of Great Britain” is very extensive. It covers many aspects relating to this country. Such as: economic, geographical position, state of economic sectors at this stage of the country’s development. This essay was written using three sources, which quite accurately and completely describe the current situation in Great Britain. A clear description of the state of the economy, EGP, geographical location (relief, climate, etc.) is given. The essay is written to show the current situation of the country and draw a conclusion about its condition.

The abstract consists of an introduction, main part and conclusion. The introduction briefly provides an analysis of sources and literature, and also states the purpose of writing the abstract. The main part is divided into three chapters. The first chapter provides some basic information; in the second we will talk about natural conditions; and the third chapter describes the state of the country's economy. In conclusion, a conclusion is given about the general condition of Great Britain.

Main part :

Chapter 1

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

The country located on the British Isles off the northwestern coast of continental Europe is traditionally called Great Britain, and by the name of the historical part - England. Officially it is called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The country includes 4 historical regions: England (occupies the central and eastern part of the island of Great Britain); Wales (in the west of the same island); Northern Ireland (island of Ireland) and Scotland. The British Isles are the largest archipelago in Europe. It includes two large islands (Great Britain and Ireland) and more than 5 thousand small islands. The southern tip of the island of Great Britain, the Lizard Peninsula, is located at 50 degrees north latitude, and the northernmost part of the archipelago, the Shetland Islands, is at 60 degrees north latitude. The length of the island of Great Britain from north to south is 966 km, and its greatest width is half that. The British archipelago is separated by the shallow North Sea from Sweden and Denmark and by the narrow English Channel and Pas de Calais from France. The modern contours of the coastline developed relatively recently. The area of the United Kingdom is 244,100 square meters. km.

STATE STRUCTURE

Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. There is no constitution here; its legislation is based on centuries-old constitutional customs and precedents, that is, parliamentarians look at how a similar case was once resolved. Formally, the country is ruled by a monarch (since 1952 - Queen Elizabeth II), but in fact the highest legislative body is parliament, which includes the queen, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Commons is a national assembly, elected every five years. House of Lords - aristocrats, princes of the blood, hereditary peers... The House of Lords has the right to delay a bill (not financial) for up to one year. Finance bills become laws when they pass the House of Commons and are signed by the Queen. Usually it does not interfere with the work of the House of Lords and generally does not interfere in government affairs.

Chapter 2

RELIEF

The natural features of Great Britain are in many ways similar to neighboring countries of Western Europe. This is not surprising since the British Isles, located within the shelf, separated from the mainland only in recent geological time. The coastline of the North Sea and the English Channel took on shapes close to modern ones just a few thousand years ago.

The island position of Great Britain, the proximity of the warm North Atlantic Current, and the strongly dissected coastline nevertheless left a certain imprint on the nature of this country. This is reflected in the predominance of moderate temperatures, increased moisture, an unusual abundance of surface water, and the spread of deciduous forests and heathlands.

At the base of the mountains throughout Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales lie Lower Paleozoic folded structures, and in southern Wales and southern Cornwall - Hercynian ones. These ancient mountain structures were subjected to intense erosion and destruction for a long time, which led to the leveling of their surface. In the Alpine era, uplifts contributed to the revival of the medium-high mountains of Great Britain, and due to the unevenness of these uplifts, the western parts of the mountains turned out to be significantly higher than the eastern ones.

Such orographic asymmetry is, as a rule, inherent in all mountain structures in Great Britain, and accordingly the main watershed is shifted towards the west coast. The western steep and steep shores differ sharply from the gently sloping low-lying shores that predominate in the east of the country.

The Quaternary glaciation generally intensified the smoothing of the mountains of Great Britain, and only in the most elevated areas did Alpine-type relief form with sharp jagged ridges and peaks, glacial cirques and typical valleys. A significant role in modeling the relief was played by erosive processes that are actively occurring at the present time. In many lowland areas, erosion has severely, and in some places completely, erased glacial-accumulative landforms, formed in that era when ice sheets descended from the mountains to the plains. It is known that, for example, during the maximum glaciation, ice approached the Thames Valley, but the extreme south of England was never covered with ice.

The northern, most elevated part of Great Britain is occupied by the Scottish Highlands, which rise steeply to the west. To the east, the highlands gradually decrease and are replaced by coastal lowlands. The deep and narrow linear depression of Glen Mawr forms the boundary of large parts of the North Scottish Highlands - the North West Highlands and the Gramnian Mountains with the majestic peak of Ben Nevis (1343) highest point the whole country.

The Grampian Mountains drop steeply into a vast depression occupied by the Lowlands of Scotland, the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde. The thick layer of sedimentary rocks filling the depression contains productive horizons of Devonian coals, which are very intensively mined here. The Southern Scottish Highlands have a highly rugged topography. Elevations average about 600 m, with the highest point, Mount Merrick, reaching 842 m.

In the north of England, the Penin Mountains stretch in the meridian direction, rising on average 700 m. In their northern part there is the highest point of the Penin - Mount Cross Fell (893 m).

The massive Camberlain Mountains, composed mainly of Cambro-Silurian shales and ancient igneous rocks, approach the Pieniny Mountains in the northwest. This dome-shaped rise with the summit of Scafell (978 m) is strongly dissected by radial valleys that formed on the site of faults. In the upper part of the mountains, glacial landforms and numerous lakes have been preserved, due to which this area received the name “Circle of Lakes”.

The mountains of Wales, collectively called the Cambrian Mountains, are highest in the north, where Mount Snowdon (1085 m) rises.

MINERALS

In general, the lowland areas of England have long been widely used for settlement and agricultural development. Somewhat later, mountainous areas began to be developed, where rich pasture lands, and subsequently mineral resources, served as an important incentive for this. During the complex geological history of the islands, a variety of minerals were formed in their depths. Almost all known minerals, except diamonds, were found there.

In the north of England lie the Pennine Mountains, made up of carboniferous sedimentary rocks. Karst is widespread in their northern part. At the foot of the Pieniny Mountains, rich productive strata of coal lie shallow. On the basis of these deposits, large mining and industrial centers of the Lanksshire, Yorkshire and other basins arose, the reserves of which amount to more than 4 billion tons.

Most of England is characterized by an alternation of flat plains and rolling cuesta ridges. Cuestas are usually composed of limestone or chalk, and the plains are composed of looser rocks: sands, marls, clays. The accumulation of all these sedimentary rocks occurred in ancient sea basins. The gentle peaks of the cuestas are characterized by the development of karst, and on many plains a cover of glacial deposits (moraines) has been preserved. These deposits are particularly widespread on the Midland Plains. Deposits of coal and iron ore are associated with small outlier hills here. The largest iron ore deposit is in the East Midlands: 60% of all reserves are concentrated here.

Significant reserves of rock and potash salts have been discovered in Cheshire and Durham.

Lead-zinc and hematite ores were found in the Cambelden massif, and lead-zinc and tin ores were found in Cornwall. Much hope is placed on North Sea oil and gas, whose total reserves are 2.6 billion tons and 1,400 billion cubic meters, respectively.

CLIMATE

The oceanic nature of the UK climate is reflected in the prevalence of unstable weather with gusty winds and dense fog throughout the year. Winters are very wet and unusually mild, with a sharp temperature anomaly (about 12-15 degrees) compared to mid-latitude indicators. The average temperature of the coldest month - January - does not fall below +3.5 degrees even in the extreme northeast of Great Britain, and in the southwest it reaches +5.5 degrees, and plants grow there all year round. Masses of warm sea air coming from the southwest increase winter temperatures, but at the same time bring cloudy and rainy weather with strong winds and storms. When cold air invades from the east and northeast, frosty weather sets in for a long time. Snow in winter time falls throughout the country, but very unevenly. In the mountainous regions of Scotland, snow cover lasts for at least 1-1.5 months. In the south of England and especially in its southwest, snow falls very rarely and lasts no more than a week. Here the grass is green all year round. The west of Britain typically receives twice as much rainfall in winter as in summer. In the eastern regions, winter is colder and less humid.

Cold air blows in spring north winds, significantly retarding the growth of crops in the east of Scotland, and sometimes dry eastern. This time of year is usually the least rainy. Spring in the British Isles is cooler and longer than at the same latitudes on the continent.

In Great Britain, as in other countries with a maritime climate, summers are relatively cool: the average temperature of the warmest month - July - is 1-2 degrees lower than at the same latitudes of the mainland. In the summer months, cyclonic activity decreases, and the distribution of average July temperatures is more consistent with the latitudinal zonality: in the southeast of the country +16 degrees, and in the extreme northwest +12 degrees. Maximum temperatures in the southeast of England sometimes rise above 27 degrees, and sometimes as high as 32 degrees. Maximum precipitation here occurs in the second half of summer.

In autumn, cyclonic activity intensifies, the weather becomes cloudy and rainy, sometimes with strong storms, especially in September and October. When warm air is carried to the cooled surface of the islands, fog often occurs on the coasts.

Warm and humid winds blowing from the Atlantic are responsible for the abundance of rain in the western regions of Great Britain. On average, 2000 mm of precipitation falls there annually, while in eastern England, located in the “rain shadow,” it is only about 600 mm, and in some places even 500 mm. The mountains thus serve as a natural barrier, trapping moist air on the western side. Heavy rainfall adversely affects the growth of many crops, especially wheat and barley. In general, grain crops in the British Isles perform well in drier years, but grasses often burn out then.

WATER RESOURCES

Britain is rich water resources. Almost throughout the entire territory of the country, except for some southeastern regions, the amount of precipitation exceeds evaporation, and therefore a dense network of deep rivers is developed. The largest of them are the Severn, with a length of 354 km, and the Thames (338 km), the basins of which border each other. The Thames is of greatest importance to the UK economy. Its basin is home to 1/5 of the country's total population. The capital's conurbation, Greater London, is also located here.

The rivers of the low-lying part of the country, located east of the main watershed, are calm. In the mountainous regions of Scotland and Wales, the sources of the rivers are at significant altitudes, so the rivers flow quickly and often overflow their banks, especially in the rainy season. The short but deep and fast rivers of north-west Scotland and Wales are used to generate electricity. More than 60 hydroelectric power stations have been built here. The estuaries of the largest rivers in Great Britain - the Thames, Severn, Humber, Mersey, Clyde and Forth - are wide, artificially deepened and straightened bays. They contain the largest sea ports and industrial units. At high tide, salt water penetrates estuaries far upstream, so the population of most seaports is supplied with drinking water from headwaters of rivers, underground reservoirs and mountain lakes.

The largest lakes in Great Britain are Loch Neagh (about 400 sq. km) in northern Ireland, as well as Loch Lomond and Loch Ness in Scotland. Numerous lakes in the Scottish Highlands and the Circle of Lakes serve as flow regulators and are used as local transport routes. There are no large lakes in the lowland parts of Great Britain, but there are many artificial reservoirs created on the site of former peat mining, sand and gravel quarries.

Underground reservoirs have long been the main source of high-quality water for the people of lowland England. The largest underground pool, the area of which reaches almost 30 thousand square meters. km, located under the Cretaceous limestones in the southeast of England. Currently, underground reservoirs supply 2/5 of all water consumed in England and Wales.

SOILS

The most fertile soils in Great Britain are found in the warm and relatively dry south-east, where they are formed mainly on calcareous rocks. Relatively high summer temperatures here contribute to increased biological activity and the accumulation of humus in the top layer of soil. Initially, this entire area was covered with broad-leaved forests, under which brown forest soils formed. Currently, the soils are highly cultivated as a result of long-term use for crops of barley, wheat and sugar beets, as well as grasses. In the marshy coastal lowlands - marshes - and in some other flat areas of England that have undergone reclamation, brown forest podzolized soils have been preserved under natural and perennial pastures. Quite fertile peaty alluvial soils are common in the drained maritime lowlands of the Fenland, as well as in the Trent River valley. In these areas, more than in other regions of the country, wheat is sown, gardens and berry fields are planted, and intensive gardening is practiced. On the hills and cuesta ridges, thin humus-carbonate and soddy-carbonate soils are developed. The western and north-western regions of Great Britain are dominated by acidic brown podzolic soils. These lands are used for grass growing and as natural pastures. The main grain crop grown here is barley. In the mountainous regions of Cornwall, the Pennines, the Circle of Lakes and Scotland, where the climate is damp and cool, soddy-podzolic soils are developed, which are easily subject to waterlogging, leading to the formation of peat bogs. It is dominated by pastures with coarse grass.

Chapter 3

AGRICULTURE

UK agriculture employs only about 3% of the country's working population. Great Britain produces more than half of the agricultural products consumed by its population. The needs for barley, oats, potatoes, poultry, pork, eggs and fresh milk are fully met. However, many of Britain's important products have to be imported from other countries. They import 4/5 of the butter, 2/3 of the sugar, half of the wheat and bacon, and 1/4 of the beef and veal consumed in the country.

The natural conditions of Great Britain are more favorable for the development of livestock farming than agriculture. Livestock and crop production account for 65 and 23% of the value of the country's agricultural products, respectively. Mostly livestock farms are located in the western, wetter part of the island of Great Britain. England is one of the world's largest suppliers of sheep wool.

INDUSTRY

UK industry provides 1/3 of the gross national product and accounts for 1/3 of all employees. It uses mainly imported raw materials and is increasingly focused on the foreign market. On the one hand, Great Britain is characterized by the rapid growth of modern industries using progressive production technology and labor organization, the latest equipment and advanced management methods, on the other hand, the lag of old traditional industries; the first group includes electronics, the latest branches of general and precision engineering, most industries chemical industry, the second - coal mining, cotton and wool industries, shipbuilding, ferrous metallurgy.

The main branch of the UK mining industry is coal mining. It has been going on for three centuries. Until 1910, British coal dominated the world market. However, since 1913, when a record amount of it was produced - 287 million tons, production has been steadily declining.

For centuries, coal mining fully provided the British economy with fuel. Coal was also exported. Coal basins became the core of the formation of most industrial regions of the country. While the newest industries developed based on the latest achievements of science and technology, the coal industry continued to produce millions of tons using old methods. Oil became an increasingly serious competitor to coal. In addition, methods of using coal itself were improved. All this led to a decrease in its consumption. The use of natural gas, new methods of steelmaking and the electrification of transport have led to an even greater reduction in the consumption of this type of fuel.

However, coal still remains one of the leading fuels in the country. It provides 1/3 of the UK's energy consumption, second only to oil, which provides almost half of it. The largest coal basin in the British Isles is Yorkshire, where 28 million tons were mined in 1975. coal It is followed by Northumberland Durham and North Western.

Coal consumption in the UK has increased slightly in recent years due to rising global oil prices.

The British oil refining industry is still dependent on imports of crude oil and petroleum products. Wells in the East Midlands produce less than 100 thousand tons annually. Oil and gas extraction from the North Sea is a new, thriving industry in the country. Crude oil is injected from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran and Libya, petroleum products - from Italy, the Netherlands and Venezuela.

The largest oil refineries are located at the deep sea ports of Southampton, in Cheshire, in the estuaries of the Thames, Trent and Tees. Five factories in south Wales are connected to the port of Eng Bay by an oil pipeline. There is also a large plant in Scotland on the gulf coast. Firth of Forth. From the fields of the North Sea to the oil refineries at the mouth of the river. Oil pipelines have been installed in the Tees and the Firth of Forth.

Through a gas pipeline laid at the bottom of the North Sea, gas reaches the east coast of the island of Great Britain in the area of Easington and Yorg-shire. There are five main natural gas fields exploited in the British zone, which provide 1 6 of the country's energy consumption. Today, almost all gas comes from natural sources.

The UK is the world's second largest supplier and exporter of kaolin (the white clay from which porcelain is made); Other types of clay for the ceramic industry are also mined here on a very large scale. There are prospects for the extraction of tungsten, copper and gold from newly explored deposits. It is even possible that in the future Britain could stop importing tungsten entirely.

Iron ore mining occurs in a relatively narrow belt that begins at Scunthorpe in Yorkshire in the north and stretches across the East Midlands to Banbury in the south. The ore here is of low quality, siliceous and contains only 33% metal. The need for iron ore is met by imports from Canada, Liberia and Mauritania.

The UK is fully self-sufficient in electricity. 86% of electricity is produced by thermal power plants, 12% by nuclear power plants and 2% by hydroelectric power plants. The overwhelming number of thermal power plants operate on coal, but in recent years some of them have switched to oil. The largest thermal power plants (with a capacity of more than 1 million kW) are located on the Trent River and near London.

Hydro stations are generally small and are located mainly in the Scottish Highlands. And in 1970, the construction of a unified power transmission system (“Supergrid”) with high voltage was completed in Great Britain.

One of the leading sectors of British industry - ferrous metallurgy - consumes the most energy. Great Britain ranks eighth in the world in iron and steel smelting. Almost all of the country's steel is produced by the state-owned British Steel Corporation. The UK metallurgy developed in favorable conditions. The country is rich in coal. Iron ore was often contained in the coal seams themselves, or was mined nearby. The third component necessary for metallurgy - limestone is found almost everywhere in the British Isles. The coal basins, near which metallurgical centers developed, are located relatively close to each other and from the country's largest seaports, which facilitates the delivery of missing raw materials from other parts of the country and from foreign countries and the export of finished products.

The UK steel industry is increasingly using scrap metal as a raw material, so modern steelworks are usually tied to major industrial centers as sources of raw materials and markets for finished products.

British non-ferrous metallurgy is one of the largest in Europe. It operates almost entirely on imported raw materials, so the smelting of non-ferrous metals gravitates towards port cities. Exports of non-ferrous metals in value far exceeded exports of cast iron and steel. The UK is also one of the main suppliers of metals such as uranium, zirconium, beryllium, niobium, germanium, etc., which are used in the nuclear industry, aircraft manufacturing and electronics. The main buyers of British non-ferrous metals are the USA and Germany.

Britain's oldest traditional industry is the textile industry. Woolen fabrics are produced mainly in West Yorkshire, rayon production predominates in the Yorkshire town of Silsden, and cotton fabrics are produced in Lancashire, in the small textile towns north-east of Manchester. The production of woolen fabrics, products, and yarn is the oldest in the British Isles. Woolen products from British textile manufacturers are still highly valued in foreign markets.

Conclusion:

Now Great Britain is a highly developed state, one of the leading world powers. In terms of industrial production, it ranks fifth in the world after the USA, Japan, Germany and France. But this is not done yet. In Britain, minerals are being mined and new methods of extracting them are being developed. Due to the fact that Britain is an island state, it remains one of the largest maritime powers today.

Thanks to its EGP, the UK still has development options. This country can only develop and improve its position in the world.

List of sources and literature used:

Soviet encyclopedic dictionary. –M.: Soviet Encyclopedia

1979.– p.204.

3. What is Who is. – M.: Pedagogy, 1990. – p. 208. *

* Source No. 2 and No. 3 were used mainly in the first chapter.

Great Britain's economics geographical position Australia Abstract >> Geography

Political and economic-geographical position. Australia is the only state in the world occupying... - a federal state within a commonwealth led by Great Britain. The head of state is the English Queen, represented by...

geographical uk rural resource

Features of the geographical location

Great Britain is an irregularly shaped archipelago with a very diverse landscape and nature. The latter is a consequence of the fact that the British Isles were once part of Europe, but were cut off from the mainland after the flooding of low-lying lands that now form the bottom of the North Sea and the English Channel. Northern Ireland, which is politically complementary to the United Kingdom, is located on the second largest island, Ireland, and is the western extension of the Scottish Highlands. These mountainous areas are separated from each other by the narrow Nord Canal. The western shores of the island of Great Britain are rocky and steep, the eastern shores are flatter.

The area of Great Britain is approximately 240,842 sq. km. Most of it is land, and the rest is rivers and lakes. The area of England is 129,634 square meters. km., Wales - 20637 sq. km., Scotland - 77179 sq. km. and Northern Ireland - 13438 sq. km. Thus, England is much larger than the other countries of the United Kingdom and has the largest population. These factors explain England's dominance in British history.

The southern tip of the island of Great Britain, the Cornwall peninsula, is located at 50 N latitude, and the northernmost part of the Shetland Islands archipelago is at 60 N latitude.

The length of the island of Great Britain from north to south is 966 km, and its greatest width is half that. Situated on the continental shelf, the British Archipelago is separated by the shallow North Sea from Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Germany and by the narrow English Channel (the British call it the English Channel) and the Pas de Calais from France.

Historically, Britain's geographic features have influenced human settlement, population migrations, armed conquest, and political union. They also determined the location and operation of industry, transport systems, agriculture, fishing industry, forests, energy resources and communications. They continue to shape British life today and are closely linked to public concerns about environment and wildlife.

England (population 48.2 million) consists mainly of hilly or flat lowland terrain, with a few mountainous areas in the north and southeast. But low hills stretch across most of the country, interspersed with lowlands and plains.

The population is concentrated mainly around major cities: London and generally in the southeast of England, western Birmingham, Leeds, Bradford and Sheffield, northwestern industrial Liverpool and Manchester and northeastern Newcastle and Sunderland.

Wales (population 2.9 million) is mountainous country with mountains and hills stretching across the entire territory, often falling into deep valleys created by river beds. These mountains gradually decline into the high hills of eastern England. The highest mountains in Wales are located in the north-west, where Mount Snowdon reaches 1085 m in height.

The Lowlands are limited to narrow coastal belts and river valleys in south Wales, where two thirds of the Welsh population live. In the past, Wales' mountainous terrain made warfare, farming and human settlement difficult.

Scotland

Scotland (population 5.1 million) can be divided into three main parts. The first part is the northwestern and central mountains, along with a large number of islands on the western and northern coasts. These lands are sparsely populated and make up half of the entire territory of Scotland. The second part is the central lowlands, which make up one fifth of the entire Scottish territory and three quarters of the total population of Scotland, the majority of industrial and shopping centers and cultivated land. The third part is the southern uplands, which includes a series of hills extending to the border with England.

The most high mountain in Scotland - Ben Nevis (1342 m), which is also the most high mountain UK.

Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland (population 1.6 million) is located just 21 km from the Scottish coast, which caused migrations of peoples in the distant past. Since the partition of Ireland in 1921, it has bordered the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. In the north there is a mountainous coast, in the center, closer to the south, a fertile valley, and mountains in the west, northeast and southeast.

The British Isles lie off the northwestern coast of Europe. The British Isles are surrounded by many small islands. To the southwest of the island of Britain are the Isles of Scilly, and to the north of Wales is the Isle of Anglesey. On the western and northern coasts of Scotland there are numerous small islands that are part of Great Britain. The most important of these are the Orkney Shetland Islands.

From the west, Great Britain is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, and from the east by the waters of the North Sea.

From the south, Great Britain borders on France - its closest and most developed neighbor, which shares water borders with it. The shortest distance to the northern coast of France is the Strait of Dover, but the main communication between the states is through the English Channel, called the English Channel by the British, along the bottom of which a tunnel for high-speed rail transport was built at the end of the twentieth century. Before this, communication between the two countries was carried out by water or air.

Also, the closest neighbors of Great Britain are Belgium and the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, and Norway are located much further away.

The diversity of Britain's geographical features is the result of long geological and climatic changes. Over time, thanks to the movements of the earth's crust, they rose from the bottom of the sea mountain ranges, which formed the oldest territories of Great Britain. Periods of warm subtropical weather were followed by new movements of the earth's crust, and huge swampy forests covered all the low-lying lands. The forests in turn were buried under sand, soil and mud, so that the petrified forests became the coal of modern Britain. Later the climate changed from subtropical to arctic. During the Ice Age, almost the entire island was buried under ice, with the exception of southern England.

The mountains gradually eroded due to ice, water and winds. This process rounded mountain peaks and moved rocks to lowlands, where they were compressed into new mountains, resulting in a smoother and softer landscape. Geological and weather changes determined the present appearance of the valleys and plains, and also “determined the location of the main rivers of Great Britain, such as the Clyde, Forth and Tweed in Scotland, the Tyne, Trent, Humber, Severn and Thames in England and Wales, the Bann and Logan in Northern Ireland."

The forces of nature also influenced coastlines, as the sea either retreated or returned again. Parts of the coastal zone went under water, while others were exposed. These processes continue today, particularly on the east and south coasts of England. Where the sea receded, chalk and limestone mountains were formed, as well as sandy beaches along the entire coast, while soil destruction has caused the loss of some land in some places.

Britain was originally part of the European mainland, but melting glaciers after the end of the Ice Age led to rising sea levels, and the country was separated from the continent by the North Sea at its widest point and the English Channel at its narrowest. The distance between Dover in England and Calais in France is minimal (32 km).

The entire coastline is crisscrossed with bays, bays, deltas and peninsulas, so that most of Great Britain is located no more than 120 km from the sea. The sea offshore is no deeper than 90 meters because most of the British Isles lies on the continental shelf, which is a raised seabed connected to the mainland. The warm Gulf Stream heats the sea and air as it travels across the shelf. Therefore, the climate on the islands is much milder than it could be, given their northern location. The current also affects coastal waters, which are important for the fishing industry.

Ministry of General and Vocational Education

Sverdlovsk region

State educational institution

primary vocational education

Vocational school for training trade workers

Economic-geographical

country characteristics

United Kingdom

Abstract

Executor:

Telitsyna M.M.

student of group No. 21

Supervisor:

geography teacher

Khorzova T.V.

Ekaterinburg

Introduction…………………………………………………………………….…3

1.Territory, borders, position of the country……………………………...4

2. Natural conditions and resources……………………………………......5

3.Population…………………………………………………………….7

4. Economy and industry………………………………………...8

5.Agriculture…………………………………………………….11

6.Transport……………………………………………………………………………….12

7.Science and finance……………………………………………………….13

8.Recreation and tourism………………………………………………………......15

9.Environmental protection and environmental problems…………....18

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….19

Appendix 1…………………………………………………………….20

Appendix 2…………………………………………………………….21

Appendix 3…………………………………………………………….22

Appendix 4…………………………………………………………….23

Appendix 5…………………………………………………………….24

References………………………………………………………25

Introduction

I chose the topic “Economic and geographical position of Great Britain” because Great Britain is closest to me of all other countries, of course, not counting Russia. I would like to visit this country cultural places and learn more about it than my superficial knowledge.

To write an essay on this topic, you need to study four sources that fairly accurately describe the situation in Great Britain. And based on these sources, it is necessary, based on the questions posed, to show the current situation of the country and draw a conclusion about its condition.

1. Territory, borders, position of the country

United Kingdom (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) is an irregularly shaped archipelago with a very diverse landscape and nature. The area of Great Britain is approximately 240,842 sq. km. Most of it is land, and the rest is rivers and lakes. England's area is 129,634 square meters. km., Wales - 20,637 sq. km., Scotland - 77,179 sq. km. and Northern Ireland - 13,438 sq. km. The southern tip of the island of Great Britain, the Cornwall peninsula, is located at 50° N, and the northernmost part of the Shetland archipelago is at 60° N. The length of the island of Great Britain from north to south is 966 km, and its greatest width is half that. Great Britain has a complex administrative-territorial division. It consists of 4 historical and geographical regions: England (45 counties and a special administrative unit - Greater London). Wales (8 counties); Northern Ireland (26 counties); Scotland (12 regions); independent administrative units - the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. From the west, Great Britain is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, and from the east by the waters of the North Sea. From the south, Great Britain borders on France - its closest and most developed neighbor, which shares water borders with it. The shortest distance to the northern coast of France is the Strait of Dover, but the main communication between the states is through the English Channel, called the English Channel by the British, along the bottom of which a tunnel for high-speed rail transport was built at the end of the twentieth century. Before this, communication between the two countries was carried out by water or air. Also, the closest neighbors of Great Britain are Belgium and the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, and Norway are located much further away. Thus, UK EGP is both neighboring and coastal, which is extremely beneficial for the economic development of the country, although it has some disadvantages in strategic and military terms.

2. Natural conditions and resources The climate of Great Britain is temperate, oceanic, very humid with mild winters and cool summers. The British Isles are characterized by frequent fog and strong winds. The moderate oceanic climate and the influence of the warm North Atlantic Current create favorable conditions for the development of agriculture. Average temperature the coldest month - January - does not fall below +3.5 degrees even in the extreme northeast of Great Britain, and in the southwest it reaches +5.5 degrees. Snow falls throughout the country in winter, but very unevenly. In the mountainous regions of Scotland, snow cover lasts for at least 1-1.5 months. In the south of England, and especially in the southwest, snow falls very rarely and lasts no more than a week. Here the grass is green all year round. High soil cultivation is an important factor in increasing agricultural productivity. In the British climate, rivers are full of water. The largest are the Thames, Severn, Trent, and Mersey. Rivers are only used as a source of energy in the Scottish Highlands. The UK does not have a large variety of mineral resources. The importance of hard coal is especially great, the total reserves of which amount to 190 billion tons. The largest reserves and production are distinguished by three basins: Yorkshire and South Wales. In addition to these three largest coal basins, the Scottish basins play an important role, stretching in a chain from the western to the eastern edge of the Lowlands, as well as the Lancashire and West Midlands, consisting of a number of small deposits. There are small outcrops of coal seams on the coast of the Kimberland Peninsula and in the extreme southeast of England - the Kent Basin. In the 60s, oil and gas fields were discovered on the North Sea shelf. Large deposits are located off the coast of southeast England and northeast Scotland. Great Britain ranks sixth in the world oil producer. Oil reserves in Great Britain reach 770 million tons. In addition to large energy resources, the UK has significant reserves of iron ore. But their deposits are characterized by low metal content in the ore (22-33%). The largest field is the East Midlands. Until recently, Great Britain supplied half of its needs for this type of raw material with its own iron ore, the rest was purchased through imports. Currently, the mining of low-quality ore has proven to be unprofitable, so production has been curtailed and switched to importing high-quality ores from Sweden, Canada, Brazil and a number of African countries. In the past, small deposits of copper and lead-zinc ores, as well as tin, were mined in the UK. Their deposits are severely depleted and production is now very small. They mine some tungsten. Uranium ores have been found in Scotland. Of non-metallic industrial raw materials, the extraction of kaolin or white clay is significant, as well as rock salt in Cheshire and Durham and potash salt in Yorkshire. The country's soil cover is dominated by a variety of podzolic soils and brown soils. The meadow soils near the Wash Bay are the most fertile. In general, the soils in Great Britain are highly cultivated and produce high yields. Typical for Great Britain cultural landscape. Only in the mountainous regions of the country has it been preserved natural vegetation. The forests are dominated by broad-leaved species (oak, hornbeam, elm, beech) and only in Scotland - pine. Today, only 9% of the UK's territory is occupied by forests. However, the country gives the impression of being very wooded thanks to the hedges that surround the fields and meadows, as well as small areas of forest and numerous parks. Only west coast, exposed to westerly winds carrying salty sea spray, is almost devoid of vegetation. Thus, due to the temperate oceanic climate in the UK, the grass is green all year round, i.e. Soil productivity is high. The UK does not have a large variety of minerals, however, some of them played a huge role in shaping its industrial areas, and the UK is now more of an importer than an exporter. 3. Population

The total population (according to 2008 data) is 61,113,205 people. Age structure: under 14 years old - 16.7%, 15-64 - 67.1%, 65 and older - 16.2%. The average age of men is 39 years, women - 41 years. The average family composition is 2 children and parents. The rural population is 11%, the rural population density is 242 people. per 1 sq. km. The total number of economically active population is 29 million people. In cities with the number of inhabitants of St. 100 thousand people Almost half of the country's population lives. The largest cities by population: London (6,803,000 people), Birmingham (935,000 people), Glasgow (654,000 people), Sheffield (500,000 people), Liverpool (450,000 people), Edinburgh (421 000 people), Manchester (398,000 people), Belfast (280,000 people). In Great Britain, the birth rate exceeds the death rate, the rapid birth rate can be seen in the table (Appendix 1) from 1976 to 2009. The country's indigenous people make up 92% of the population (2001, census), of which:

· English - 83.6%,

· Scots (mainly in Scotland) - 8.5%,

· Welsh (mainly in Wales) - 4.9%,

· Irish (mainly in Northern Ireland, Ulsterians) - 2.9%.

Immigrants and their children live mainly in the Greater London, West Midlands and Merseyside conurbations. They make up about 8% of the country's population, including:

people from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh - 3.6%,
China - 0.4%,
African countries - 0.8%,
dark-skinned islanders Caribbean Sea - 1 %

The current monarch is Elizabeth II, who began her reign on February 6, 1952. Her eldest son, Prince Charles, is her heir. The Prince of Wales holds various ceremonial functions, as does the Queen's husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. In addition, there are several other members of the august family: children, grandchildren and cousins. Thus, the population is growing due to labor immigrants from countries that have recently joined the European Union, who, after the EU enlargement in May 2004, were allowed free entry to work in the UK. However, the country's birth rate still exceeds death rates, although natural increase is no longer the dominant factor in the increase in the number of Britons.

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Municipal educational institution "OSCHEPKOVSKAYA SECONDARY SCHOOL"

Characteristics of Great Britain

Completed by: Marina Rogaleva

11th grade student

Teacher: Mayshev A.N.

r. Pyshma village - 2011

State structure

Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. Formally, the country is ruled by a monarch (since 1952 - Queen Elizabeth II), but in fact the highest legislative body is parliament, which includes the queen, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Commons is a national assembly, elected every five years. House of Lords - aristocrats, princes of the blood, hereditary peers.

Position in relation to neighboring countries

The country is located on the British Isles off the northwestern coast of continental Europe, traditionally called (by the name of the largest island) Great Britain, and by the name of the historical part - England. Officially, it is called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Great Britain is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the north and west sides. Across the expanses of this ocean, this country “neighbors” Iceland in the north.

From the east coast" Foggy Albion" washed by the waters of the North Sea. Neighboring countries on this side are Denmark, the Netherlands and Belgium.

The closest neighboring country is France. It borders Great Britain on the southern side and is separated from the shores of the United Kingdom by the English Channel.

In the west, Great Britain is separated from the main part of Ireland by the Irish Sea and St. George's Channel.

Natural conditions

The climate of the United Kingdom is very mild. The mildness of the climate is explained mainly by the influence of the North Atlantic Current (a continuation of the Gulf Stream), which brings warm waters to the western coast of Europe. At these latitudes, westerly transport of winds predominates, and thus cool air comes from the Atlantic Ocean in summer and warm air in winter.

Although the temperature differences are very small, winters on the west coast of the United Kingdom are warmer than on the east. Winters become less favorable as you move north along east coast, where chilly, humid winds blow from the cold North Sea.

Frost and snow are not unusual phenomena, especially in high altitudes, however, in the lowlands in a normal winter, temperatures below 0 ° C last only 30-60 days a year, and snow only 10-15 days. In London there is only snow on the ground for about 5 days a year.

In normal years, all areas of the UK receive sufficient rainfall for farming, and in some mountainous areas it is even excessive. Seasonal and annual fluctuations in precipitation are slight, and droughts are rare.

The weather is fairly cloudy, as most precipitation falls in the form of constant drizzle rather than showers, and the sun does not appear many days of the year.

At these latitudes, summer days are long and winter days are very short. The lack of sunlight depends more on continuous cloud cover than on fog. Damp, damp fog occurs in London on an average of 45 days a year, predominantly in January and February, and most ports experience between 15 and 30 foggy days each year, with fog that can paralyze all traffic for a couple of days or more.

Natural resources

There are not so many valuable natural resources in the UK. The once all-important iron ore production has now dropped to virtually nothing. Other economically important fossil ores include lead, whose extraction only supplies half of the economy's needs, and zinc. There are quite a lot of other resources, such as chalk, lime, clay, sand, gypsum.

On the other hand, the UK has greater reserves of energy resources, including oil, natural gas and coal, than any country in the European Community.

The discovery of oil deposits in the North Sea led to the rapid development of the oil industry. Since operations began in 1975, the amount of oil produced each year has increased every year, making the UK virtually self-sufficient in oil consumption, and even an exporter. With an average production level of 2.6 million barrels per day, the UK ranks sixth in the world as an oil producer. Oil reserves in Great Britain reach 770 million tons. UK device population economy

With the start of natural gas production in 1967, coal in cities was gradually replaced by gas, and gas pipelines were built throughout the country. Natural gas reserves are estimated at 22.7 trillion cubic feet.

Population

According to the first UK census conducted in 1801, the population of England and Wales was almost 9 million people, and Scotland - more than 1.5 million. Throughout the 19th century. the population increased annually by 1-1.5%, but in the 20th century. its growth slowed and by the mid-1970s it virtually stopped.

Fertility and mortality

During the 1970s, the birth rate in the United Kingdom fell and reached the death rate. From the 1969 birth rate of 16.7 people per thousand inhabitants, it fell in 1977 to 11.8. However, in subsequent years, the birth rate slowly increased.

Age structure of the population

Due to low mortality in the 1930s and again from the late 1950s, the proportion of the active age population was relatively small - in the 1980s it was only about 63%, and an even greater decline was expected. The share of children under 16 years old accounted for only 22%. Older people, especially those over 85 years of age, have significantly increased their share of general population. Their number has also increased in absolute terms. Today there are 9 million Britons living in Britain whose age is equal to or greater than 65 years.

Discordpopulation division and density

If we exclude Greater London, the south coast of England and the area around Belfast, it is safe to say that the majority of citizens of the United Kingdom live in the cities that arose near coal mining. Approximately 90% of the population lives in the city, and more than one in three residents lived in one of the eight urban regions that the British call "cities" (i.e. metropolitan areas). Each such metropolis arises on the basis of a large city; with the exception of London, they are all near large coalfields.

There are 9 densely populated areas in the UK. Greater London, with its center in London, is a political, commercial, financial and cultural capital United Kingdom; its population is estimated to be about 7 million. In the West Midlands, such a metropolitan area is Birmingham and the Black Country, an area of metalworking and light industry. The county of Lancashire, with its two metropolitan areas - Merseyside (the Mersey Valley) and Greater Manchester - is located at the north-western end of a densely populated belt that runs diagonally across England from London through Birmingham.

Lowland Scotland is home to the capital Edinburgh and the industrial region of Central Clydeside, centered on Glasgow. The Lagan and Bann valleys in Northern Ireland are located around Belfast, a modern industrial city and the capital of Northern Ireland. South Wales is a coal-mining and industrial region where people live in small towns along deep, narrow valleys with open-pit coal mines. On south coast From Portsmouth to Eastbourne there are resorts and leisure areas, as well as important port cities Southampton and Portsmouth.

At the opposite end of the densely populated regions are largely uninhabited areas - much of central Wales, the northern Pennines and Lake District, the south coast and the Highlands.

Farm

Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country (share of GDP: industry 24.1%, agriculture 1.8%), which in the international division of labor acts as a supplier of industrial products. At the same time, the economic role of Great Britain in modern world is determined not only by industrial, but also by banking, insurance, shipping and other commercial activities.

For the development of the UK economy, the export of industrial goods and the export of “services” to the capitalist world, which together provide 26% of the gross national product, are of exceptional importance. An important source of income for British international monopolies has been and remains the export of capital to other countries.

With the reorientation of British industry towards new industries for its development, the external market began to play a greater role than cheap labor. Recently, British monopolies have found this market in developed capitalist countries, whose share in the export of British capital has exceeded 3/5. Great Britain's capital exports to developing countries are still large: it accounts for almost half of the capital exported to these countries by Western European countries. At the same time, the contributions of foreign monopolies to the UK economy are growing rapidly.

Great Britain remains large rich country with a high level of both economy and economy. The UK remains one of the main exporters of capital to developing countries (mainly to the Gulf countries and Overseas Europe). The country continues to occupy one of the first places in the world in terms of economic level.

Industry

The most important industrial sectors are mechanical engineering, food industry (including the production of soft drinks and alcoholic beverages), tobacco and chemical industries, paper and printing industries, and light industry. The fastest growing industrial sectors were the chemical, forestry, furniture, rubber and plastics industries. Within the chemical industry, the pharmaceutical industry began to develop especially actively. The food and light industries, as well as mechanical engineering in general, perform below average.

The largest industrial regions of Great Britain are Mid-Scotland (in the north of the country) and South Wales (west coast). Such industrial areas as London, Midland, North-East, Lancashire are located within the boundaries of the “central axis” of development, where about half of the region’s total economic potential is concentrated.

Agriculture

The natural conditions of Great Britain are more favorable for the development of livestock farming than agriculture. Livestock and crop production account for 65% and 23% of the value of the country's agricultural products, respectively. Mostly livestock farms are located in the western, wetter part of the island of Great Britain. England is one of the world's largest suppliers of sheep wool.

The most important cereals are wheat, oats, rye (mainly northern eastern regions distribution). A significant part of the grains is used to feed livestock, but the rest is used to produce bread, cereals, etc. In livestock farming, the most important are cattle.

Transport

Since Great Britain is an island state, all its external transport and trade are related to maritime and by air. About 90% of the total cargo turnover is accounted for by sea transport.

All areas of Great Britain, except the West Midlands, are, to one degree or another, directly connected to seaports, which serve as the main transport hubs. The largest of them are London, Southampton, Liverpool, Goole and Harwich, with the London and Liverpool seaports handling about half of all cargo.

In the past, more passengers arrived in the UK by sea than by air. However, from the early 1960s, the number of air passengers began to grow rapidly and soon doubled the number of those arriving by sea. Freight transport by air is also increasing. There are about 150 passenger airports in the country. Great Britain is connected by regular airlines to almost 100 countries. The country's five largest airports - located in the London area (Heathrow and Gatwick), as well as Manchester, Luton and Glasgow - provide three-quarters of all passenger and air cargo traffic.

The UK is connected to the continent by two railway ferries (Dover-Dunkirk and Harwich-Ostend), and numerous sea car and passenger ferries - with Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Holland and France. The UK is also connected to France via the Eurotunnel under the English Channel - a double-track railway tunnel about 51 km long, of which 39 km is under the English Channel. Thanks to the tunnel, it became possible to visit London from Paris in just 2 hours 15 minutes; In the tunnel itself, trains take from 20 to 35 minutes.

In domestic freight transport, road transport plays the largest role. It is more than 3 times (in ton-kilometers) inferior to railway transport and by the same amount to cabotage. In connection with the development of motor transport, more than 11 thousand km of railway tracks were removed.

At the same time, the network is expanding highways and their reconstruction takes place. In terms of the length of roads per unit area, the UK ranks fourth in the world. At the same time, it still has few modern highways, and the roads remain the most congested in the world.

Main economic regions

In terms of development conditions in Great Britain, there are sharp differences between the southeast - the so-called "Green England" - and the rest of the territory, where the industrial revolution of the 18th century. created large centers of industry based on coal and iron ore resources.

SOUTH - East Anglia remains the most agricultural part of the country. The industrial role of South East England has grown significantly. It has become one of the most important areas for the concentration of new industries. IN Greater London There are a significant number of heavy industry enterprises—electrical, automotive, chemical, etc.—concentrated in the suburbs. Agriculture in South East England specializes in supplying London with meat, milk, vegetables and fruit.

South-West England includes the mountainous Cornwall Peninsula - one of the most important areas of dairy farming, developing on the basis of large, lush pastures. Tin and kaolin are mined in Cornwall.

On the banks of the English Channel is the city of Plymouth - a military and commercial port and shipbuilding center, forming one whole with Devonport. The largest city and port in South-West England, Bristol is a significant center for the aviation and food industries.

To the north of "Green England" lie areas of heavy industry (coal mining, metallurgy, heavy engineering) and old textile industry areas. They start from a strip of coal and iron ore deposits bordering the southern spurs of the Pennines.

Midland is an industrial area located on the central plain, the oldest center of the coal metallurgical and engineering industries.

Birmingham - largest center military, automotive, aviation, electrical industries, car and locomotive construction, production of high-quality steel, alloys and metal products.

Wales is a mountainous peninsula in the west of Great Britain, abundant in pasture for sheep. Dairy farming and horticulture are developed in the valleys and on the coast. South Wales is one of the most important areas of the coal industry, as well as an area of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (in particular the production of white wool) and the chemical industry.

Northern England is the most industrialized part of the country. It contains 3 large industrial districts - Lancashire, Yorkshire and North-Eastern and the smaller Cumberlain. All of them were formed on the basis of coal deposits. Lancashire, together with adjacent parts of Cheshire and Derbyshire, is the largest cotton manufacturing area.

Scotland. The Lowlands are home to a coal and metal industry; its center is Glasgow with shipyards, engineering factories, chemical and textile factories. In the eastern part of the Lowlands of Scotland, along with coal mining, light industry is developed. Large cities are located here - Edinburgh (the administrative center of Scotland) and Dundee. Northern and Southern Scotland are backward, sparsely populated mountainous regions, where large areas are occupied by sheep pastures and hunting reserves. There are fishing ports on the coast, the most important of which is Aberdeen. In South Scotland, in the river basin. Tweed developed the production of woolen fabrics.

Northern Ireland occupies the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland. Wheat and flax crops are widespread here, and dairy farming and gardening are developed. The main industrial city and port of Belfast is a center for shipbuilding and linen production.

Foreign economic relations

Foreign trade turnover almost quadrupled. On the one hand, the export of capital has doubled, on the other, the contributions of foreign monopolies to the UK economy are growing rapidly. Great Britain has large capital investments abroad (about 20 billion pounds sterling), the bulk of which is in the Commonwealth countries, which have large reserves of raw materials. At the same time, American, West German and Japanese monopolies are increasingly penetrating the former British colonies, and private American capital is occupying an increasingly strong position in the economy of Great Britain itself.

In world exports of highly developed countries, Great Britain ranks 5th. “Invisible exports” increased almost fourfold. Most of the export value comes from manufactured products: automobiles, aircraft, metal products, electrical equipment, chemical products, synthetic fabrics, steel and textiles. Export: machinery and equipment, oil and petroleum products, chemical products.

The country continues to import natural rubber, phosphorites, almost all non-ferrous and rare metals, more than half of iron ore, as well as cotton, sulfur, and wool.

However, in general, the UK's dependence on imported raw materials is decreasing due to the reorientation of domestic industry towards modern industries and, in particular, with the further development of chemistry and the use of substitutes and local raw materials.

Main foreign trade partners: EU countries, USA, Japan. Great Britain exports many minerals (oil, metals) from Commonwealth countries, and machinery and equipment and chemical products from the USA and Japan.

General conclusion

Great Britain today is a country with a highly developed, strong and independent economy. Now Great Britain is a highly developed state, one of the leading world powers. In terms of industrial production, it ranks fifth in the world after the USA, Japan, Germany and France. But this is not the limit. In Britain, minerals are being mined and new methods of extracting them are being developed. Due to the fact that Britain is an island state, it remains one of the largest maritime powers today.

Thanks to its EGP, the UK still has development options. This country can only develop and improve its position in the world.

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