Rivers, lakes, ponds, swamps, underground waters of the Tula region.  Lakes, rivers, reservoirs All rivers, ponds and lakes

Here I often provide links to all sorts of useful things on various issues. So this time I can’t pass by the book by Yuri Nasimovich RIVERS, LAKES AND PONDS OF MOSCOW Actually, this should be a reference book for anyone interested in geography, hydrography, toponymy, local history of Moscow, as well as for those who simply love to walk along abandoned ravines, ponds and other small and big rivers of our city.

A full-fledged study of this issue by Yuri Nasimovich is obvious. In general, if anyone is interested, use it.

Well, for starters, I’ll give you a review chapter on hydrography, geology, topography, flora-fauna and other things of the Moscow River. For those interested - under cat.

Too extensive literature is devoted to the Moscow River, including
a number of monographs in order to try in a short essay to significantly expand
thread this information. Along with the reports listed above (Lushchi-
Khin, 1947; Nesteruk, 1947, 1950; Avilova, Orlov, 1994), note
"Hydrographic sketch of the Moscow River and its tributaries" by V.I. Astrakov
(1879), work by G.F. Buchholz “Moscow River. Section from the city of Zvenigorod
to the mouth..." (1912), "Research of the Moscow River and its description"
I.P. Kravchenko (1930), works by V.D. Bykov “Upper reaches of the Moscow River”
(1948) and "Moscow River" (1951), book by S.B. Yokhelson and F.Ya. Rovins-
whom "Moscow River: Clean Water" (1985). Three detailed articles
in the collection "Nature of Moscow" (1998) are dedicated to animals living
in the Moscow River within the city, - fish (Sokolov, etc.), zooplankton
and benthos (Sokolova and others), planktonic ciliates (Belova). Multi-
information concerning riverine flora and fauna is contained in the Red
book of Moscow (2001). Therefore, we will limit ourselves to citing a number of main
new reference information, listing the tributaries of the Moscow River in
within the city (so full list not previously given) and dis-
kazom about valuable natural objects on its banks, since they are yet
was not given adequate attention. As for the water and surrounding
aquatic flora and fauna, then below is just some information,
which may be of particular interest to the reader.

The Moscow River is a left tributary of the Oka. Its length is 502 km, of which
Moscow city limits - 80 km. The basin area is 17.6 thousand sq. km (Krat-
kaya geogr. encyclopedia, 1962). Originates in the vicinity of Shap-
Kina in the west of the Moscow region on a hillside 310 m high
above sea level ( highest point Smolensk-Moscow upland
ity in the Moscow region).

The main stream flows to Moscow. east past Mozhaisk, Zvenigorod and
Krasnogorsk. Upon entering the territory of Moscow, it turns sharply
to the southeast and generally follows this direction until
mouth in Kolomna, passing before the cities of Lytkarino, Zhukovsky,
Ramenskoye, Bronnitsy and Voskresensk. Total drop from source to
the mouth is 155.5 m. If you do not take into account the waters of the artificial
origin (transported from other rivers, etc.), then the Moscow River
fed by rain (12%), melt (61%) and groundwater
(27%). Average water consumption, according to data from the mid-20th century. (Bykov,
1951), was 38 cubic meters per second in Zvenigorod, 53.5 in Moscow
cubic m/s, at the mouth - 150 cubic m/s (i.e. annual flow - 4.7 cubic km).
The natural flow of water before the construction of the Moscow-Volga canal was
much less. Now water consumption has increased even more due to
ribs of additional Volga waters.

The Moscow River does not enter the city immediately. First she touches
with him on their right bank in Rublev and Myakinin, which signed
on modern maps as two isolated sections of the Moscow-
Kuntsevo district. Then the river borders the city with its left bank
reg - in Mitino, or rather in Roslavka and Spassky, which were included in
composition of Mitina. And finally she finally enters the city in
Strogina. She leaves the city, crossing the Moscow Ring Road at Besedinsky
bridge. The length of the river in the city increased due to its tortuosity.
river by 2.5 times (although due to the straightening of the channel by canals, the navigable
the path is 10 km shorter). The most pronounced right bends are Se-
Rebryanoborskaya, Mnevnikovskaya (Terehovskaya), Luzhnetskaya (Luzhni-
kovskaya), Kozhukhovskaya, Kuryanovskaya (Batyuninskaya, Maryinskaya);
left - Stroginskaya, Krylatskaya (Tatarovskaya), Filevskaya, Dorogo-
Milovskaya, Zamoskvorechinskaya, Nagatinskaya, Brateevskaya. The same
the names are given to the areas of the floodplain within these bends. Width rus-
la in the city ranges from 120 to 200 m. The hydrological regime is due to
exchanged in connection with the withdrawal of water for the needs of the city (from Rublevskoye Vo-
additional storage facilities), construction of the canal named after. Moscow, Volga transfer
water through the rivers Ruza (above Zvenigorod), Skhodnya and Yauza, by the creation
in the upper reaches of the Ruzsky, Ozerninsky, Mozhaysky and Istrinsky rivers
reservoirs, the discharge of warm urban wastewater, the construction of Karama-
Shevsky and Perervinsky hydroelectric complexes (dams), as well as the dam named after.
Labor communes below the city.

Special mention must be made about the Moscow River valley, since it occupies
a significant part of the city, reaching Shi-
rins 12 km. This is the main geomorphological and landscape object
on the territory of the capital_. _Here the most active external geological
such processes._ _Together with the Yauza valley, it divides three landscapes -
but-geomorphological areas_: Moskvoretsko-Oka Plain with Tep-
Lostan Upland as a northern ledge (right-
region of the Moscow River), Smolensk-Moscow Upland (left bank
Moscow river and the right bank of the Yauza); Meshchera lowland (left bank
Moscow river and the left bank of the Yauza).

In the valley of the Moscow River there are a floodplain and three above-floodplain terraces,
developed premium on the left bank._ _On the right are the ledges of the indigenous bank
ha in three places _ almost approach the riverbed, forming landslides
slopes of the _Fili-Kuntsevo Forest Park_, _Sparrow Mountains_ and _Kolomenskoye_.
This asymmetry of the valley reveals Beer's law for the rivers of the North.
hemispheres: due to the rotation of the planet around its axis, the right bank
is washed away more than the left one. Loams predominate in the floodplain;
floodplain terraces - sands to which the best Moscow-
some pine forests. The third terrace above the floodplain is also characterized by
pebbles associated with the activity of glacial meltwater streams.

The floodplain stretches along the river in a continuous strip, crossing from the shore
to the shore. In the past, there were floodplain meadows, willow forests, and
There are also numerous oxbow lakes, lakes and swamps. All this is partial
preserved in floodplain natural areas, but the very concept
floodplain has lost its meaning, since the channel is limited by embankments, formerly
The nyaya floodplain is partially flooded and partially covered. The river will register
liated, and the floodplain exists only as a historical-geological
education (Likhacheva, 1990). As a result of adding soil, the height
the floodplain in many places equaled the height of the first floodplain
terraces, but the elevation above the river edge remained the same, since
The water level is raised by dams. Near Strogin, due to rising levels,
the waters of the Karamyshevskaya dam turned out to be oxbow lakes and songs
quarries, artificial peninsulas arose - Stroginsky,
Shchukinsky. Here is the widest body of water in Moscow (1.2-1.5
km), which local residents called Big lake, or Stro-
Ginsky backwater. From it 1 km deep into the Shchukin Peninsula
Another bay juts out - the Clean "lake". Bay in Serebryany Bor
called "lake" Bezdonka. There are also flooded quarries in Crimea.
Latskaya floodplain, but they have no connection with the river. In Mnevnikovskaya
The floodplain still has 5 oxbow lakes. The remains of such
Until recently, there were lakes in the Kuryanovskaya floodplain (for example,
tive of Kolomensky). Probably some ponds were also oxbows.
near the river (near the Novodevichy Convent, on Krasnokholmskaya embankment-
cut). The river bed meanders along the floodplain and sharply “bounces” to the left,
coming into contact with the steep sliding slopes of Fili-Kuntsevsky
forest park, Vorobyovy Gory and Kolomenskoye. From the floodplain formations
Of particular interest are two lake-like extensions that correspond
the former Sukinu swamp (near the waters of the Southern port) and the former Cha-
Gina swamp (later - Lublin filtration fields). Counts-
Xia that the expansions are associated with the pre-Jurassic left tributaries of the Moscow River
(the second - with the Izmailovskaya Hollow). In addition, here in the remote
In the past, the Moscow River itself flowed.

The first terrace above the floodplain (Serebryanoborskaya), mainly
washed away by the river, and therefore occurs in separate fragments: in the center
the central part of the Serebryanoborskaya bend (pine forest and the 4th line of Ho-
Roshevsky Serebryany Bor), in the Mnevnikovskaya bend (on it
Terekhovo), between Kievsky railway station and Studencheskaya metro station, in Za-
Moskvoretskaya bend (near Tretyakovskaya and Novokuznetskaya metro stations). Her
height - 8-10 m above river level (Likhacheva, Nasimovich, 1998).

The second terrace above the floodplain (Mnevnikovskaya) is the best
expressed in relief in the Lower Mnevniki, but is also present in other places -
tah. Its largest section occupies the space from the stations
Pererva and Depot to Lublin filtration fields. Height - from 12-18
m at the edge to 20-22 m at the rear seam.

The third terrace above the floodplain (Khodynskaya, Borovaya) is expressed in
relief most clearly. Its relative height is 30-35 m,
the edges are up to 25 m. It is separated from the low terraces by a gentle ledge.
It is located on Khodynskoye field, Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo, Kuzmin-
ki. In floodplain areas where there are no other terraces, this
the terrace slopes down steeply to the river and looks like a co-
river bank (Trinity-Lykovo, Karamyshevskaya embankment, area near
Beket pond near Zagorodnoe highway, Simonov Monastery, Brateevo,
Kapotnya). The most famous "hills" of the capital are fragments of this
noah terraces, “cut” by the left tributaries of the Moscow River. So, for example
Mer, Borovitsky Hill is formed by the incision of the Neglinnaya River (on it stands
Kremlin); Red Hill (Lousy Hill) is located at the confluence of the Yauza and
Moscow; "Three Mountains" - between the Studenets stream, the Moscow river and the Pres-river
her. For the section of the 3rd floodplain terrace near Khodynka Field
characterized by recent karst failures. The diameters of the failed holes
Rocks sometimes reach 40 m and a depth of 8 m, although they are usually
less. Areas with manifestations of karst are confined to pre-glacial
buried valleys of the Moscow, Yauza rivers and their tributaries (Kutepov and
al., 1997).

From a geomorphological point of view, the slopes of the right
the indigenous bank of the Moscow River - the cliff of the Teplostan Upland in
river valley. The gentle banks here alternate with steep ledges.
mi, which are adjacent to the right loops of the river. For such areas
characterized by outcrops of Jurassic clays and associated landslide
relief, described in detail in the essay about the streams of the Fili-Kuntsevsky Le-
soparka. Strong pet-
flow of the Moscow River in the city. The river advances to the Teplostanskaya elevation
collapse, and its right banks, “cut” by water, are especially
you, and below such sections the river is thrown back to the opposite
the edge of the valley with material that entered the river with landslides.

In the past, the wide valley of the Moscow River was replete with lakes and lowlands.
swamps. The area on the right bank of the Vodootvodny Canal
is still called Ozerki. Within the city limits, still in the first half-
wine of the 20th century there were floodplain lakes Batyuninskoe (ribbon-shaped, sinuous)
leafy, about 2 km long), Bolshoye Krivoye, Dolgoe, Emelyanovo,
Istruzhino, Kartashikha, Crooked Baba, Crooked, Kruglenkoe, Puddles, La-
gushatnik, Maloye Novinskoye, Nogtevo, Radino, Chernoe and others, and
also swamps Balchug, Kochki, Sukino, Chaginskoye and others. Info-
information about some of the listed objects is given below in accordance with
relevant chapters.

Under the slope of the main bank of the Moscow River there are numerous
springs popular with the local population. There are especially many of them under
on the right bank, higher (in the Fili-Kuntsevsky forest park, on
Sparrow Hills, in Kolomenskoye). The river “cut through” the thickness of the sedimentary
rocks up to the black clays of the Jurassic period of the Mesozoic, namely
these clays are the main aquiferous horizon of the Moscow
region, which is associated with the abundance of springs.

Currently, numerous
undeveloped areas that are conventionally classified as
natural. On the right bank are the Stroginsky Peninsula and
Stroginsky floodplain, Shchukinsky Peninsula, Stroginsky Cape, Troy-
Tse-Lykovsky coast, Krylatsky coast with Bolshaya and Malaya Gnilusha,
Krylatskaya floodplain and Krylatsky hills, Fili-Kuntsevo forest park,
Vorobyovy Gory, Neskuchny Garden, Kolomenskoye, Brateevsky Bereg,
Brateevskaya floodplain with the Red Meadow (lower Gorodnya); to the left
coast - Tushinsky coast, the mouth of the Khimki river, Shchukinsky coast with Sobo-
left ravine, Serebryany Bor, Karamyshevskaya embankment, Mnevni-
Kovskaya floodplain with fields and oxbow lakes, Nagatinskaya floodplain,
left bank section of the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve, Lyublinskiye
filter fields. Numerous specially protected plants grow here.
common types of herbs (Deistfeldt, Nasimovich, 1995; Red Book of the city
Moscow, 2001), rare species bryophytes (Ignatov, Ignatova,
1988), there are valuable geological, hydrological and biogeo-
nological objects (Nasimovich, Romanova, 1991; Nasimovich,
1994b), as well as numerous valuable zoological objects
(Red Book of the City of Moscow, 2001), incl. largest in the city
wintering grounds for waterfowl - especially below the Perervinsky waterworks -
la (Avilova et al., 1994).

Declared natural monuments in the Moscow River valley in 1987
section of the Khodynskaya terrace of the Moscow River on Karamyshevskaya embankment,
ravine Kamennaya Kletva (erroneously named in documents by Tatarovsky
ravine), a spring in the Kamennaya Kletva ravine, an entomological complex
lex "Krylatsky Hills" (in the Krylatskaya floodplain near the Rowing Canal),
section of a landslide slope in the Fili-Kuntsevsky forest park, section
Mnevnikovskaya terrace of the Moscow River (square on Kutuzovsky Prospekt),
slopes of the Vorobyovy Gory, section of the Khodynka terrace of the Moscow River in
area of ​​the Kremlin, section of the Mnevnikovskaya terrace of the Moscow River (Klenovy
boulevard in Nagatin), springs below the Temple of the Ascension, landslide
steps under the Church of John the Baptist, floodplain with an oxbow there, va-
moon and outcrops of Aptian sands on the hillside with Dyakovsky
birthplace, outcrops of black Jurassic clays on the “Devil’s Town” (almost
in the same place), and in 1991 - Shchukin Peninsula, Serebryanoborskaya
terrace, two sections of dry meadow in Krylatskoye, 8 objects
Fili-Kuntsevsky forest park (beam and forest area with rare species
grasses, linden and oak trees on the slopes, the hills of the Kuntsevo settlement and
black alder under this fortification, an outcrop of Jurassic clay, as well as
linden grove outside the valley, but next to it). Among the monuments are
births include the most popular springs in the Moscow River valley.

Many natural areas in the Moscow River valley received the status
specially protected: landscape reserve "Krylatsky Hills" (created
July 21, 1998, later liquidated by court decision), monument
nature "Serebryany Bor" (May 12, 1998), natural park "Moscow-
Voretsky" (December 29, 1998, includes the Stroginsky Peninsula,
Stroginsky floodplain, Shchukinsky Peninsula, Stroginsky Cape, Troy-
tse-Lykovsky coast, Krylatsky coast, Krylatskaya floodplain, Krylats-
Kie hills, Fili-Kuntsevo forest park, Tushinsky coast, mouth
Khimki river, Shchukinsky bank, Serebryany Bor natural monument, Kara-
Myshevskaya embankment, Mnevnikovskaya floodplain and a number of neighboring territories
ry outside the valley of the Moscow River), natural reserve "Valley of the Setun River" (with
estuarine area in the valley of the Moscow River, July 21, 1998), natural
reserve "Sparrow Hills" (July 21, 1998), historical and archi-
Textural and natural landscape museum-reserve "Kolomenskoye"
(1974).

On the right they flow or flow into the river (including gully-beams
systems as temporary watercourses): Northern and Middle Troy-
Tse-Lykovsky ravines, Silver ravine (Southern Trinity-Lykovsky ovule-
rag), Gnilusha (Big Gnilusha), Small Gnilusha, Verkhnetatarovsky
ravine with a stream in the lower reaches (with Mnevnikovsky Istok), Kamennye Za-
times with a stream in the lower reaches, Krylatsky stream in Kamennaya Kletva, ov-
river at the Krylatsky Bridge (temporary watercourse), 21 permanent watercourses
current in the Fili-Kuntsevo forest park (see streams of the Fili-Kuntsevo forest park
park), Filka, Kobyliy ravine (formerly a temporary watercourse), Bu-
danka, ravine on Potylikha (see Potylikha), Setun, Vorobyov streams
mountains (12-13, including Ostroumovsky Stream), streams of the Neskuchny Garden
(Andreevsky and Ekaterininsky, as well as two unnamed temporary
watercourse in the hollow and ravine), Kozhevnichesky Vrazhek, ravine along
Zhukova proezd, Danilovka, Chura, Kotlovka, Rastan, Zhuzha, Kolo-
Mensky stream (in Golosovo ravine), Popov and Mashinin ravines (with
temporary watercourses), streams in Kolotushkin and Dyakovsky ravines -
gakh, 12 streams of Dyakovskie Zaraz, numerous streams of Brateevsko-
th coast, Gorodnya. In total there are at least 80 permanent watercourses, of which
There are 20 of them with established folk names, as well as 4 temporary
watercourses with their own names.

On the left, the following flow or flow into the Moscow River: the Baryshikha River (outside the Moscow Ring Road),
Skhodnya, Khimka, Sobolev ravine (with significant permanent water flow)
com), Icy ravine (filled up), Khodynka (starting from there and further to
Yauza all watercourses in underground collectors), Ermakovsky stream,
Studenets, Presnya, Protok (temporary watercourse), Pometny Vrazhek,
Babylon (long ago destroyed), Chertory, Lazy Enemy, Neglinnaya,
Sorochka, Rachka (assigned to Yauza), Yauza, Sara (formerly temporary
watercourse), Subbottom (from it and further all watercourses in collectors), Ni-
puppy, Puddle (formerly a temporary watercourse?), Plintovka, Noskov ru-
whose, Kapotnensky ravine. There are a total of 20 permanent watercourses, all with
names that came before us, as well as 4-5 temporary watercourses with
own names.

In total, the Moscow River hosted at least 100 permanent
watercourses, including 40 with names that have come down to us, as well as
a large number of temporary watercourses (streams in ravines and ravines) and in
including a little less than a dozen famous names. Of these in
present time on the surface at least on some segment of the pro-
cabins 80 right and 7 left tributaries with constant flow. Many
of these, in turn, have an extensive network of tributaries. They
are described in subsequent chapters in order from top to bottom
the Moscow River and other rivers, starting from the right and ending with the left. Together with
they describe lakes, ponds, springs and other objects in their bass-
Seinakh.

Undeveloped areas of the Moskvoretsky banks are characterized by bo-
rich local flora. Plant species diversity in the valley
The Moscow River is higher than in the rest of the city. This is explained
in that to ubiquitous species (for example, forest)
specific riverine species characteristic of valleys are added
big rivers These species gravitate towards characteristic riverine biotopes -
willow trees, alder forests, low-lying swamps, damp floodplain meadows,
floodplain sands and dry steppe meadows on steep slopes. Bi-
otopic diversity is due to complex terrain, different
exposure of slopes, opening of ancient geological layers (light-
lofty chalk sands, black Jurassic clays), mineralized outcrops
groundwater, sudden changes in illumination, moisture
soil composition and composition, erosion, which frees up areas for new
plants. Landslide processes that did not allow
completely build up the steep slopes of Trinity-Lykov, Krylatsky,
Kuntsev, Vorobyovy Gory and Kolomenskoye. Local plant species
which are not found in other parts of the city, are available on the Shchukinsky Peninsula
drov, in Serebryany Bor, under the slopes of Trinity-Lykov, on Krylats-
some hills and in the Fili-Kuntsevo forest park, i.e. over a vast territory
toria, which in 1998 became part of natural park"Moscow-
Retsky". The reader can see numerous examples of such plants
found in the Red Book of the City of Moscow, published in 2001. In
in the past, exceptionally interesting floristically
there were river sections further down the river - on the Vorobyovy Gory, near Si-
monastery.

Almost everything that has been said about riverine flora can also be applied to
riverine fauna. The Red Book of Moscow contains references to
animals, amphibians and insects that are known only in
native park "Moskvoretsky".

The flora and fauna of the river itself is also rich, although water pollution in
limits such wealth to a significant extent. Influence
this contamination in animals has been well studied in recent years
(Belova, 1998; Sokolov et al., 1998; Sokolova et al., 1998), and we
we have the opportunity to compare the old and modern fauna th-
family section of the Moscow River.

Based on archaeological and historical materials, it is possible
conclude that in the past in the Moscow River and its tributaries within the hundred-
more than thirty species of fish were encountered, among which were
some valuable commercial species, such as beluga, sterlet, sturgeon, sevru-
ha, white fish, Caspian salmon, taimen, as well as pike, bream,
chub, catfish, pike perch, podust, ide, dace, roach, asp, crucian carp,
perch, catfish (Sokolov et al., 1998). Beluga could reach a length
200-300 cm, sturgeon - 130-180, pike - 80-95, bream - 42-47 cm. In addition
fish, in the middle of the 19th century the Caspian mi-
leg. According to N.I. Mocharsky (1887), the most fishy reservoir of the Sub-
of Moscow in the last century there was the Moscow River, and it was precisely within the boundaries of the city
kind, since here grain grain fell into the river from unloading
barges, horse droppings with the remains of undigested oats and food waste
boiled production. A lot of organic waste ends up in
the river now. In addition, the rivers are polluted with inorganic and
including very toxic substances. They also talk about thermal
pollution, as a result of which water does not freeze in every winter
mu, and there are separate polynyas near the mouths of collectors in any
frosts. All this determines the specificity of the modern animal
world of urban rivers.

A story about the fauna of any water body is more correct than anything else.
go start with the smallest animals that are food for
larger animals. Of these organisms in 1994 in the Moscow River there were
Planktonic ciliates, which belong to the sub-
kingdom of protozoa and swim freely in the water column, moving
with the help of numerous cilia (Belova, 1998). Ciliates pi-
are preserved by bacteria, tiny algae and decomposing
plant weeds, and therefore play an important role in water purification
(glue food particles with mucus, after which they settle to the bottom,
saturating sludge with organic substances). According to the species composition of infuso-
ry can judge the cleanliness of the reservoir. Moreover, they are important because
that they themselves are eaten by small crustaceans and fish larvae. That's why
the number of larger organisms depends on their number. IN
In the Moscow River, 102 species and varieties of ciliates were discovered. Shown
that the smallest ones predominate. As we get closer to
in the city center, species characteristic of clear waters are replaced by vi-
waters of polluted waters. Similar results were also obtained as a result of
from the study of slightly larger zooplankton - rotifers,
microscopic cladocerans and copepods, although they are smaller
sensitive to changes in conditions (Sokolova et al., 1998).

In 1993-1994, the composition of benthic invertebrates was also studied
animals in the Moscow River (Sokolova et al., 1998). In the Rublev area, where
The Moscow River enters the city, 59 species were identified, among which were
various mollusks, bell mosquito larvae, tubifex worms
(tubicides). Starting from the Dorogomilovsky Bridge in the benthos there are
Only tubifex worms, of which there are a lot, are included. So, at the mouth of the Yauza
the number of these oligochaete worms reached 600,000 specimens
lars per square meter, and weight - 1.3 kg per square meter.
Tubifex live on silt with a high organic content
substances. They feed by passing this sludge through the intestines, and also
They build protective tubes from it. Their abundance is considered a sign
severe organic water pollution. Downstream (from
Saburova) the number of tubifex worms begins to decrease, which means
talks about the partial self-purification of the river.

Even more interesting results were obtained from the study of fish (Sokolov and
al., 1998). During a special survey in 1993-1994 on
35 species of fish were recorded in the urban section of the Moscow River, but
their species diversity drops sharply from peripheral areas
Moscow to the center. Near Strogin and Kuntsev there are from 24 to
27 species, at the mouth of Setun and at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior - 10-13, in
the mouth of the Yauza and at the Krasnokholmsky bridge - only 2-5, and then the number
species increases again due to the gradual self-purification of the river and
reaches 20 at the exit from the capital. Self-cleaning occurs as a result of
activity of various living organisms, most of them
which to one degree or another need light. Therefore, in underground
In collectors, such self-cleaning practically does not occur.

Most of all in the central part of the city there are roaches, which give
the dirtiest sections of the river account for up to 90% of the catch; there is also a lot of bream,
perch and bleak (Sokolov et al., 1998). Roach is presented in the city
two forms - molluscivorous and herbivorous. The first feeds-
It is mainly inhabited by the bivalve mollusk zebra mussel and is found
from Strogin to Novospassky Bridge in the Tagansky district. Second pi-
is formed by algae and is distributed in the central and lower
married areas. Within the city center, therefore, there is
Both forms exist.

The rather high number of whitefins in the city is surprising.
minnows. These fish are generally considered indicators of clean water, and
here they were caught even in the Yauza River (place not specified),
why the fish looked healthy, which indicates the emergence
in Moscow of a special “industrial race” of the gudgeon (Sokolov and
al., 1998). In roach, the formation of such a race has not yet occurred,
since this fish in the city is sick and is characterized by numerous
deviations from the norm: abnormal coloring up to complete
disappearance of pigmentation, shortened “pug-shaped” head,
lesscopically enlarged eyes or other disorders of the visual organs
changes up to their complete disappearance, curvature of the spine,
violation of fins up to their complete disappearance, double
lateral line or breaks in it, changes in body shape and structure
ry scales, disorders of internal organs and metabolism (particularly
leanness, high fat content due to high-calorie feed), tumors.
Such fish are sometimes called “mutants,” but the authors propose the name
call them "monsters", believing that the term "mutants" is more applicable to
the “industrial race” of the gudgeon (Sokolov et al., 1998).

Black Lake is located in a picturesque mixed forest. It is peat in origin. Because of the black peat silt, this body of water received this name. The total area of ​​this reservoir is 0.12 square kilometers. Its length along the north-south line is 0.46 square kilometers, and along the west-east line about 0.42 square kilometers. Only one stream flows from this reservoir, which then flows into the Voryu River. The lake is widely used as a place for recreation; there is also a health camp for children on its southwestern shore.

White Lake

White Lake is a glacial formation with a total area water mirror about 25.7 hectares and with a depth of about 17 meters. 19 meters is the maximum depth of White Lake. The first mention of White Lake dates back to 1433. This body of water was for a short time the Amusement Flotilla of Peter the Great. This lake is connected to Lake Cherny by an artificial water artery. And together with the Holy and Black lakes, it forms the Kosinsky Treozerie. Along the shores of this lake there is Temple complex Kosinsky: churches of the Savior Nicholas, Assumption Holy Mother of God, Saint Tikhon.

Mazurin Lake

Mazurin Lake is a lake of man-made (artificial) origin. It arose on the site of peat mining. Earlier, in the 17th century, on the site of this reservoir there were swampy peat bogs that were of glacial origin. Currently, due to the huge amount of industrial wastewater from the Eastern water station, this reservoir has completely disappeared and turned into a kind of muddy landfill. In the future, they plan to create the Mazurinsky microdistrict near the treatment facilities.

Lukovo Lake

This lake got its name in honor of a blacksmith named Luka, who had a forge on the shores of this lake. The approximate age of the lake basin is about 11 thousand years. The area of ​​the water surface is about 35 hectares. The depth of Lake Lukova is about 12 meters.

The predominant depths there are about 3-4 meters. The width of this reservoir is about 200 meters with a total length of the lake of 2 kilometers. The water in the lake is brownish due to the presence of peat deposits. Almost in the middle of the lake there is a small round island. The lake is home to pike, crucian carp, roach, perch and other fish species.

Black Lake

Black Lake, located in Kosino, is naturally located in the basin of the Kosinsky stream. To the north of this lake there is a Kosinsky spring and a swamp. This lake is somewhat artificial in origin, as in the past there was a peat quarry there. The area of ​​the water surface of this lake is about three hectares. Most of the surface of the reservoir is covered with sphagnum moss. The water is dark in color due to peat decomposition processes. This is where its name comes from. The length of the lake along the north-south line is about 830 kilometers. Black Lake is connected to Lake Bely by an artificial water artery.

Pavlenskoye Lake

Pavlenskoe Lake is located in the floodplain of the Oka River. The reservoir is of artificial origin. Pavlenskoye Lake was formed on the site of a sand quarry. Previously, this body of water was called Tsimlyansk Lake. This reservoir is completely freshwater. It is considered one of the largest in the Moscow region. The lake surface area is 1.2 square kilometers. The most deep place The reservoir has a size of up to four meters. The width of the lake is 0.9 kilometers with a total length of 2 kilometers. This reservoir has a water connection with the Oka river system. It is located next to locality Oka and the railway bridge running across this river.

Kiyovo lake

Lake Kiyovo belongs to the category of moraine-glacial lakes. The banks of this reservoir are very overgrown with sedge and cattails. On the lake surface of the reservoir one can observe floating islands formed by the intertwined roots of various floating plants. The lake surface area is 0.22 square kilometers. 1.7 meters is the maximum depth of this reservoir. Until the 1990s, the lake was home to the largest population of river gulls in the Moscow region. Currently, the population of these birds on the lake is declining due to significant anthropogenic influence. The lake is considered a natural monument and is under special federal protection.

Bottomless Lake

Bottomless Lake is one of the relict type lakes located in the Moscow region. It was formed as a result of thermokarst processes. At a depth of about 4.5 meters there is a muddy bottom. The lake is fed by several underground streams. The diameter of the lake is about 35 meters. Many times, using ropes of various lengths, people tried to measure the depth of this reservoir over and over again. No one was able to find out its exact depth. This is where its modern name came from – Bottomless Lake. This lake does not have solid shores. It seems possible to enter the lake only from the pier. At the same time, the lake has a constant round shape, which does not change from century to century.

Bead Lake

Biserovo Lake is considered a natural monument and belongs to lakes of relict origin. This is the relict lake closest to the capital. The depth of this lake is no more than five meters. This lake gained its fame due to its healing properties. The lake is a source of sapropel mud, which is widely used in numerous health and treatment centers. There is also a sand quarry near the lake. Three streams flow into the lake (one from the northwest, and the other two from the west). The only river system originating from the lake is the Shalovka River. The lake is a source of 15 species of fish (pike, perch, silver and golden carp, roach, tench, gudgeon, catfish, ruff and others).

Trostenskoye Lake

Trostenskoye Lake is a lake of moraine-glacial origin. The total area of ​​the water surface is 5.28 square kilometers, its length is 3.5 kilometers, and its width is 2.1 kilometers. The lake is not deep. The greatest depth is 3.5 meters, and the average is 1.1 meters. Currently, the lake is slowly overgrown, and the area of ​​the swamp around it is increasing. Its modern name arose from the botanical term “reed,” which means the name of aquatic plants, like reeds. It has a very diverse fauna: burbot, pike, river perch, roach and others. On the shore of the lake grows marsh saxifrage, included in the Red Book.

Lake Baboshkino

Baboshkino Lake is located in a forest area located in the Moscow region. By origin it belongs to the group of glacial lakes. It is part of the Ozerny forest park. In different years and periods, this lake bore completely different names: Basoshino (1752), Baboshino (1842), Bubushkino (1962). Currently, there is a very extensive sphagnum bog around the lake. Due to significant swampiness, the depth of the lake near the shore is about 1.5 meters. On the south side there is a pier and beaches with sand and grass. There are medical and rescue posts on the shore.

Stinking Lake

Smerdyache Lake is geographically located at a distance of about 4 kilometers from the village of Baksheevo in a pine forest. The diameter of Lake Smerdyachy is about 400 meters. The depth of the lake can reach up to 35 meters. This lake got its name from the hydrogen sulfide smell. This specific smell disappeared about 25 years ago. The lake basin is of meteorite origin. The lake has a number of strange features. The water level in this reservoir changes annually, and the chemical composition of the lake water also constantly changes. Until today, a detailed survey of the bottom of Smerdyache Lake has not yet been carried out.

Bear Lakes

Bear Lakes are a lake group consisting of three small lakes. One of them has an area of ​​about 0.4 square kilometers, the remaining two are somewhere around 0.12 square kilometers. Due to the water canal, Lake Bolshoye Medvezhye has a connection with the Pekhorka river system. To the west of this lake system is the Shchelkovskoye highway. On the eastern side, the water system is surrounded by coniferous forests. This lake system has long been a favorite vacation spot due to its proximity to the capital. Near these lakes there is a settlement, which, thanks to the name of this group of reservoirs, also acquired the name Bear Lakes.

Lake Glubokoe

Lake Glubokoe is located among difficult and swampy forests. Previously, until the 18th century, this lake was called Monastyrskoye. In some places the depth of the lake reaches 38 meters, which is where its modern name Glubokoe comes from. The lake surface area is about 59 hectares. The water there is very clean due to the water intake canal system built around it (1970s). Previously, the water had a yellowish tint. By origin it belongs to the category of glacial lakes. Currently, the lake is gradually overgrown with reeds. The fish in the lake include pike, burbot, ruffe, perch, and roach.

Nerskoye Lake

Nerskoye Lake is a moraine lake that arose when glacial waters melted. In the past, Nerskoye Lake, together with lakes Dolgoye and Krugloye, formed a single body of water, which later disintegrated, thanks to which the outlines of modern lakes arose. The total area of ​​the lake surface is about 0.4 square kilometers. The depth of the reservoir can reach up to three meters. The Volgusha River is the only one that flows from Lake Nerskoye. The lake is inhabited by crucian carp. The approach to the lake is difficult, since its shores are very swampy. This lake is depicted on the flag of the Gabov settlement.

Poletsk Lake

Lake Poletsk is considered by many to be a reservoir of glacial origin. There is a scientific assumption that it was formed, among other things, by karst processes. The lake is pear-shaped. Its length along the north-south line is about 1000 kilometers, and along the west-east line about 850 kilometers. The total water surface area is about 0.56 square kilometers. Its maximum recorded depth is 0.9 meters. The lake is surrounded on all sides by a peat bog. The name of the lake comes from the Baltic stem “pala”, which translates as “swamp”. Of the fish that live in this reservoir, pike, crucian carp, and perch predominate.

Round Lake

The Round Lake is glacial in origin. The Meshcherikha River connects it with Lake Dolgoe. The total area of ​​Round Lake is 0.96 square meters. 4.2 meters is the greatest depth of this reservoir. It is a source of various species of fish (about twenty species), among these species the most popular are carp and perch. In winter, when the lake is covered with ice, snowkiting is organized there. This reservoir is widely used for recreation. A huge number of boarding houses and holiday homes have been built along its banks. The image of this lake is on the flag rural settlement Gabovskoe.

RIVERS, LAKES AND RESERVOIRS

UKRAINIAN SSR

More than 73.4 thousand rivers and streams flow through the territory of the Ukrainian SSR, the total length of which is over 259 thousand km. Almost 160 rivers are more than 100 km long, over 4 thousand rivers are more than 10 km long. In addition, there are about 3 thousand lakes in the republic with a total area of ​​over 2 thousand km 2. The area of ​​more than 40 lakes exceeds 10 km2. They are placed unevenly. Most of them are located in the valleys of the Dnieper, Pripyat, Desna, Orel, Samara, Sula, Khorol, and small rivers of Polesie. Most often they are small and shallow. There are relatively many lakes on the coast of the Black and Azov seas, in the lower Danube.

Over 23 thousand artificial reservoirs - reservoirs and ponds - have been built on small rivers, the area of ​​which is over 1.5 thousand km 2. Based on the number of ponds and reservoirs, the basins of the Dnieper, Southern Bug and Dniester are distinguished. The most large reservoirs built on the Dnieper. Their total area exceeds 7 thousand km 2, and the total volume is 30 km 3. The volume of the Ladyzhinsky reservoir on the Southern Bug, Karachunovsky on Ingulets, Pechenezhsky on the Seversky Donets, Krasnooskolsky on Oskol is more than 100 million m 3. About 60 reservoirs have a total volume of 10 to 100 million m3, the rest are classified as small with a volume of 1 to 10 million m3.

Almost all rivers belong to the basins of the Black and Azov Seas, and only 4% belong to the Baltic Sea basin. All major rivers flow from northwest to southeast, which corresponds to the general slope of the surface. Most of them are of the plain type. They have a slope of up to 10 m/km, flow slowly (speed 0.2-0.3 m/s) in wide valleys with gentle slopes, and the riverbeds are winding. Rivers, the sources of which are in the Carpathian and Crimean mountains, have a mountainous character. Their slopes are 60-70 in the upper reaches and 5-10 m/km in the lower reaches. The current speed exceeds 1 m/s, during floods - 3-5 m/s. They flow in channels with rocky banks, the water flow in them is fast, and rapids and waterfalls are frequent. The rivers of the Polesie Lowland, especially the tributaries of the Pripyat, have a slope of up to 10 cm/km.

Melt water plays a major role in feeding lowland rivers. Therefore, spring floods are clearly expressed in them, during which up to 50-80% of the total annual amount of water passes through the rivers. On some small rivers, almost all of the water flow occurs in the spring. Rainwater plays a significant role in feeding mountain rivers, which is why floods occur in different times year.

Rivers in the northern regions freeze at the beginning, and in the southwestern regions at the end of December. The duration of freeze-up ranges from 2 in the south to 3.5-4 months. in the north.