Turkish words with stress not on the last syllable. Urbanoglyphs of world capitals

It was the mountains in the distance that interested me. I took the upper left fragment of this picture, enlarged it, enhanced it in contrast and depicted it in Fig. 12. On it, in the image of clouds, I noticed letters, and I circled both fragments with a black frame. On the left fragment, I read the words YARA RUS and the word ARKAIM, on the right fragment the words were read ASIA MINOR(already in modern spelling of the word ASIA). Thus, I received another independent confirmation of my assumption.

Rice. 11. Turkish landscape with a view of the city of Ankara

Discussion. My task was to find Arkaim in Asia Minor. The first suspicion fell on Ankara, the capital of present-day Turkey. This suspicion was justified on the first try. And if it did not come true, I would begin to consider other cities of modern Turkey until I found the right city.

Now you can imagine the origin of the word itself. Since in one case the words ARKONA and ARKAIM have the first three letters in common, while the rest can be substituted in any order, the following assumption arises: from the word ARKONA another word with the possessive suffix -IM appeared. That is, ARKONAIM, which means BELONGING TO ARKONA. It is clear that such a name is inconvenient to pronounce, and it was gradually shortened to the word ARKONYM, and then ARKOIM, which in modern pronunciation turned into ARKAIM.

But in the word ARKA AND M the emphasis fell on the sound I. But later the emphasis could move one vowel earlier, and the word could be pronounced as ARK A THEM. Later the word could become ARK A YM, then ARC A NA and later ANC A RA. Even later, the emphasis could move to the last sound A, ANKAR A .

Rice. 12. My reading of the inscriptions on the image of a cityscape

But the most interesting thing on the urban glyph was reading the inscriptions that this city was a military camp in which the troops of Arkona were kept. This - interesting information. And the second, no less interesting information, is devoted to the message that the Yara temple of world significance was located in this place.

Finally, the data on the dates of construction is very interesting. One of the temples was built a year before the death of Isa Kresen, the other, 110 years after the First crusade, and five years after the Fourth Crusade, the third date another 30 years after that. As a result of the Fourth Campaign, the Latin Empire was created. Wikipedia writes about this: “ For more than half a century, the ancient city on the Bosphorus promontory was under the rule of the Crusaders. May 16, 1204 in the church of St. Sophia, Count Baldwin of Flanders was solemnly crowned as the first emperor of the new empire, which contemporaries called not the Latin Empire, but the Constantinople Empire, or Romania. Considering themselves successors Byzantine emperors, its rulers retained much of the etiquette and ceremonial of palace life. But the emperor treated the Greeks with extreme disdain.

In the new state, whose territory at first was limited to the capital, strife soon began. The multilingual knightly army acted more or less in concert only during the capture and plunder of the city. Now the former unity has been forgotten. It almost came to open clashes between the emperor and some leaders of the crusaders. Added to this were conflicts with the Byzantines over the division of Byzantine lands. As a result, the Latin emperors had to change tactics. Already Henry of Gennegau (1206-1216) began to look for support in the old Byzantine nobility. The Venetians finally felt like masters here. A significant part of the city passed into their hands - three out of eight blocks. The Venetians had their own judicial apparatus in the city. They made up half of the council of the imperial curia. The Venetians got a huge part of the spoils after robbing the city.

Rice. 13. Latin Empire and surrounding territories

Many valuables were taken to Venice, and part of the wealth became the foundation of the enormous political power and trading power that the Venetian colony acquired in Constantinople. Some historians, not without reason, write that after the disaster of 1204, two empires were actually formed - the Latin and the Venetian. Indeed, not only part of the capital, but also lands in Thrace and on the coast of the Propontis passed into the hands of the Venetians. The territorial acquisitions of the Venetians outside Constantinople were small in comparison with their plans at the beginning of the Fourth Crusade, but this did not prevent the Venetian doges from henceforth pompously calling themselves “rulers of a quarter and half a quarter of the Byzantine Empire.” However, the dominance of the Venetians in the trade and economic life of Constantinople (they took possession, in particular, of all the most important berths on the banks of the Bosphorus and the Golden Horn) turned out to be almost more important than territorial acquisitions. Having established themselves in Constantinople as masters, the Venetians increased their trading influence throughout the territory of the fallen Byzantine Empire.

The capital of the Latin Empire was the seat of the most noble feudal lords for several decades. Palaces of Constantinople they preferred them to their castles in Europe. The nobility of the empire quickly became accustomed to Byzantine luxury and adopted the habit of constant celebrations and cheerful feasts. The consumer nature of life in Constantinople under the Latins became even more pronounced. The Crusaders came to these lands with a sword and during the half-century of their rule they never learned to create. In the middle of the 13th century, the Latin Empire fell into complete decline. Many cities and villages, devastated and plundered during the aggressive campaigns of the Latins, were never able to recover. The population suffered not only from unbearable taxes and levies, but also from the oppression of foreigners, who trampled on the culture and customs of the Greeks with contempt. The Orthodox clergy actively preached the fight against enslavers»

However, as we see on the map, Ankara was located in the Iconian Sultanate. Wikipedia writes about him: “ Konya (Iconian), Rumsky, or Seljuk Sultanate- a feudal state in Asia Minor. Established in 1077 on possessions seized from the Byzantine Empire, the sultanate played an important role in the history of the region. The initial center of the state was Nicaea; in 1096 the capital was moved to the city of Konya (Iconium). It reached its greatest prosperity under Sultan Ala ad-Din Kay-Kubad I (1219-1236). As a result of feudal strife and the invasion of the Mongols, the Konya Sultanate by 1307 broke up into a number of beyliks, one of which eventually turned into the Ottoman Empire».

But that's another story.

Conclusion. Finding names on the urbanoglyph that were read on other artifacts makes it possible to arrange a mutual verification of the data.

Literature

1. RIA Novosti. Scientist: “alien base on the Moon” arose during image processing. January 22, 2014.

When choosing domestic accent options geographical names First of all, you need to pay attention to the local underlining of words. There are many disputes about how to install it correctly. However, if the emphasis in the local name diverges from the generally accepted one, then the traditional version, which is characteristic of the literary language, should be adopted. For example: Murm A nsk – M U Rmansk and Kandal A ksha – K A dalaksha ( Murmansk region), Obsk A I lips A – ABOUT bskaya lips A(Tyumen region), Tiks AND- T AND xi (Yakutia), Cher E singer – Cherepov E c (Volgorod region).

In some cases, spelling dictionaries give different recommendations: To ABOUT Ndopoga and Kondop ABOUT ha. This unpronounceable name of a city in Karelia is presented in the directory as Kondop ABOUT ha (adjective – condop ABOUT female).

The following words have become widespread in speech practice and have become familiar to us: Elist A(Kalmykia), N E Ryungri (Yakutia) and K AND rishi (Leningrad region).

Recently, the names of the city and its surroundings near Smolensk have begun to be pronounced differently: Kat Y N and K A tyn, Kat Y forest - K A Tyn forest. But the most common options are the following: Cat Y ny, Kat Y nsky forest.

There is also a discrepancy in the declension of the city of Osh, in Kyrgyzstan. However, the dictionary allows Osh, ABOUT sha, in ABOUT she.

The geographical names of foreign countries have no discrepancy between local and literary origin. But sometimes the traditional approach to placing stress when borrowing foreign words leads to discrepancies with the emphasis of the original. For example, in Russian it is customary to pronounce: Ankar A, Belgr A d, Pan A ma, Amsterdam A m, Washington ABOUT n, Ostr A va, Manchest E r, Flor AND yes, Hiros AND ma. Although the traditional options are: Ankh A slave E Lgrad, Panam A, A Amsterdam, U ABOUT shington, ABOUT strava, M A Manchester, FL ABOUT Rida, Heer ABOUT sima But sometimes in the speech of some journalists and commentators there are fluctuations in the choice of emphasis. They pronounce: B A Shington, FL ABOUT Rida, Panam A, the pronunciation of which does not correspond to tradition. However, dictionaries take into account some extra-linguistic factors:

• active knowledge of a foreign language
• strengthening economic and political ties with other countries
• bringing radio and television to a unified system
• and so on

Recently, one can notice how the emphasis in foreign-language proper names is approaching the original words.

The name of one state should be highlighted South America. For many years, the traditional version of “P” was used E ru". But later, in connection with the development of relations between our states, “Per” became widespread in speech practice. U" The double accent can be seen in the name of the state - Sri Lanka (South Asia).

As we found out, when choosing a phonetic underlining option, extra-linguistic factors and the degree of their use are taken into account. There are some cases when the traditional version becomes outdated and is replaced by options that are close to the original: B ABOUT moan (USA), Car A cas (capital of Venezuela), ABOUT Oxford (UK). The following names are widely used: M E Lebourne and S AND days (Australia), K A tar (Asia), K ABOUT Rdova (Spain), R ABOUT stock (Germany). But in the “Dictionary of Proper Names of the Russian Language” the following options are given: C AND days, M E Lebourne, K A tar, K ABOUT rdova, R ABOUT drain.

Sometimes the traditional version is used: Reiki I Vic, Balat ABOUT n, Potsd A m (Germany), Buchenw A ice (fascist German concentration camp), Ai ABOUT VA (state in the USA). However, in primary sources they are pronounced differently: R E Ykjavik, B A Laton, P ABOUT tsdam, A Iowa.

The capital: its streets and avenues

Very often, professional radio and television workers have difficulty pronouncing the names of city streets, alleys, parks, and squares. In speech practice you can hear: st. You AND Leah B ABOUT Tyleva and st. You AND Liya Botyleva, Ave. D E Zhneva, etc. Dezhneva, st. Con E Nkova and st. Konenkova, st. Bor AND sa Zhigulenkova and st. Bor AND sa Zhigul E Nkova. They should be pronounced the way the bearers themselves pronounced their surnames: st. Vasily Botylev, Dezhnev Ave., st. Konenkova, st. Boris Zhigulenkov.

It is recommended to follow the accent characteristic of the given object in those names that are associated with geographical names. For example, the variant name “Derbenevskaya embankment”. It should be pronounced like this: Derb E Nevskaya embankment, but not Derbenevskaya. Sometimes people use the option “Re U Tovskaya Street" instead of "R" E Utovskaya". It is named after the Moscow region town R E utov. It is also worth remembering the following names: Collar ABOUT Vsky lane, Belgor ABOUT Dsky lane and B E Lgorodsky lane, Novgor ABOUT Dskaya st. and N ABOUT Vgorodskaya st., Golik ABOUT Vsky lane and G ABOUT Likovsky lane, st. Kargop ABOUT Lskaya and st. TO A rgopolskaya, Stavrop ABOUT Lskaya st. and St A Vropolskaya st., Zvenigor ABOUT Dskaya st. and Zven AND city ​​street, Bolshoi ABOUT th Nest ABOUT Vskiy lane, Bolshoi ABOUT th and m A ly Nikolovor ABOUT Binsky lanes.

In addition to difficulties with choosing the correct stress, difficulties may arise with the pronunciation of foreign words, such as: st. A Mundsen [se], st. Olof P A lme [me].

Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen - Norwegian polar explorer. Remember that the emphasis in his last name is on the first syllable.

First and last names

In borrowed surnames the following underlining is customary: Avra A m L AND nkoln - Avra A m Link ABOUT linen (traditional), George W A Shington, X A rmens van R E yn R E mbrandt - X A rmens van R E yn Rembre A ndt, Isaac New Yu tone – Isaac Newt ABOUT n (traditional version), John Dalt ABOUT n (D ABOUT ton), dol ABOUT res Ibarr U ry, George Byrne A nd Shaw, Bert ABOUT lt Br E xt, Karm E Well AND William Shakespeare AND r, U ABOUT lt Disn E th (user version), P A blo Peak A sso and p A blo Picass ABOUT(pronounced by the French), Mar AND I'm Stu A RT (common version), Constant AND n Balm ABOUT nt (the poet pronounced his last name) and Constant AND n B A lmont (option in the dictionary), D E view K ABOUT Perfield and Dove AND d Copperf AND ice (traditionally), "Makb" E t" (Shakespeare) and "M A kbet" (work by N.S. Leskov).

How do they bow?

Surnames ending in –iya are declined as follows: Chkonia Lamara - Chkonia Lamara and Gabunia Nodar - Gabunia Nodara. And those with the ending -ia do not decline: Faria Jesus - Faria Jesus and Garcia Ponce Guillermo - Garcia Ponce Guillerma.

Pronunciation

Consonants before "e"

Most proper names borrowed from other languages ​​are pronounced with a softening of the consonant before " e»:

Beth ABOUT ven [B’]

Budap E pcs [P’]

Burley ABOUT z [B’]

But there are examples in which the consonants are hard:

Albr E kht [re] Wallenst E yn [te]

Anna Br ABOUT deed [de]

Bert ABOUT lt Brecht [re]

B E njamin br AND ten [te]

Volt E r [o,te]

R ABOUT nald R E ygan [re]

"Decamer ABOUT n" [de]

Ren E Dec A rt [de]

Gust A to Flob E r [be]

In some names one can observe an unjustified softening of the consonants before “ e»:

G E nrich neig A uz [n’] Heinrich Neuhaus [ne]

"Hobs E k" [s'] instead of "Gobsek" [se]

Cam AND l Saint-Saens [s’] Camille Saint-Saens [s]

U AND Liam F ABOUT lkner [n’] William Faulkner [ne]

Consonant sounds “zh”, “sh”, “zh” and “ts”

According to the rules of Russian orthoepy, these consonants are mostly pronounced firmly:

Sh E lly [Shae]

Gilbe E r [Zhy]

C E tkin [Tse]

However, in some cases, options with soft consonants are used, although they do not correspond to orthoepic standards:

Jules Massne E[neh, not zhu]

Julien Sor E l [re, not zhu]

Alg AND with Jur A ytis [not chewing]

Jules Ren A r [re, not zhu]

Louis Saint-Just [se, not zhu]

C Yu rich [not tsu]

Louis Antoine Saint-Just - leader of the French Revolution

1. Emphasis in geographical names

The Dictionary includes proper names that cause difficulties in determining the place of stress.

1.1. When choosing options for accenting domestic geographical names, attention is paid to local accent. The announcer departments of the All-Union Radio and Central Television periodically sent requests to local committees on television and radio broadcasting, to the permanent missions of the republics, to special correspondents of television and radio in different cities regarding the emphasis in certain geographical names. Their answers were taken into account in the preparation of this edition of the Dictionary. Recommendations from special dictionaries of geographical names were also used, cm. , Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary. But in the approach to the norm of stress of domestic and borrowed toponyms, the existence of two opposing trends is taken into account: 1) the desire to get closer to local pronunciation and 2) the desire to preserve the traditional stress characteristic of the Russian language. Unconditional adherence to one trend or another is wrong; a specific approach to each case is required. If the accent in a local name diverges from the generally accepted one in the Russian literary language and does not correspond to the accent system of the Russian language, then the traditional version characteristic of the literary language is adopted.

One of the important factors that plays a decisive role when choosing an accent option is reliance on the tradition of the Russian language. For example, the following variants have come into widespread use: Obskaya Guba (Tyumen region), Ti xi (bukh. and town - Yakutia), Murmansk (Murmansk region), Kandala ksha (city, Murmansk region), Cherepovets (city, Vologda region), etc. Official sources cite these traditional options. But the local accents are different: Obskaya Guba, Tiksi, Murmansk, Kadalaksha, Cherepovets.

In other cases, dictionaries give different recommendations regarding the emphasis in certain names, for example, the name of a city in Karelia: Kondopoga and Kondopoga ( adj. - Kondopozhsky and Kondopozhsky). This name, difficult to pronounce in Russian, is presented in the Dictionary as follows: Ko ndopo ga, -And ( adj. - kondopo zhsky).

Dictionaries give different instructions regarding the emphasis in the names of the capital of Kalmykia - Elista and the cities - Kirishi (Leningrad region) and Neryungri (in Yakutia). Based on letters from local television and radio broadcasting committees, they should be pronounced: Elista, Ki rishi, Ne rungri ( adj. - Neryungri). This Dictionary contains exactly these options. They have become widespread in speech practice and have become familiar to the Russian language.

Recently, on television and radio, the names of the city and tract near Smolensk are pronounced differently: Katyn, Katynsky forest and Katyn, Katynsky forest. In response to our request, the Smolensk television and radio company said: “The name Katyn (place, village, later station) comes from the ancient name of the Katynka River and the nearby Katyn mounds - the Katyn site, one of the most ancient in Europe... " But now the most common options are: Katyn, Katyn Forest.

There is a discrepancy in the declension of the name of the city of Osh in Kyrgyzstan. The Dictionary gives: Osh, Osha, in Osha ( local in Osh), cm. A. A. Zaliznyak. Grammar dictionary of the Russian language: Inflection. - M., 2008, p. 780.

1.2. Geographical names of foreign countries are borrowed from literary, official, state language countries where the named objects are located. Therefore, in this case there is no discrepancy between local and literary pronunciation. But when borrowing foreign place names, as a rule, a traditional approach is used in placing emphasis. This leads in some cases to discrepancies with the emphasis of the original.

There are a number of traditional geographical names, well mastered by the Russian language, the emphasis in which does not correspond to the emphasis of the source language. For example, in a literary language it is customary to pronounce: Amsterdam m ( Netherlands. - And Amsterdam), Ankara ( tour.- A nkara), Belgrade d ( Serbian-Croatian. - Be fenced), Washington ( English. - Washington), Manchester ( English. - Manchester), Islands ( Czech. - Oh strava), Pana ma ( isp. - Panama), Hiroshima ( Japanese. - Hiro Shima), Flory yes ( English. - Florida). This Dictionary lists exactly these traditional variants: Amsterdam, Ankara, Belgrade, Washington, Manchester, Ostrova, Panama, Hiroshima, Flori.

But sometimes in the speech of individual commentators and journalists there is hesitation in the choice of emphasis of some names. They are pronounced Florida, Washington, Panama, but this pronunciation does not correspond to the established tradition. The Dictionary also takes into account some extra-linguistic factors: strengthening political and economic ties with foreign countries, active knowledge of foreign languages, the unifying role of television and radio, etc. As practice shows, in recent decades there has been a tendency to bring the emphasis in foreign proper names closer to the source languages.

Special mention should be made of the emphasis in the name of the state in South America - Peru. For many years, the traditional version of Peru was used; it was recorded in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., M., 1955, but in the 3rd ed., M., 1975, the Peru version was already given. Previously, this name was rarely used, and contacts with the country were insignificant. But due to the expansion of economic and political ties between our states, the Peruvian variant, close to the source language, has become widespread in speech practice. It is given in all dictionaries of recent years. This Dictionary also accepts this option: Peru.

The confrontation between the two options is noted in the use of the name of the state in South Asia - Sri Lanka ( b. Ceylon). In the Dictionary it is given with the emphasis on the last syllable - Sri Lanka in accordance with the recommendation of the leadership of the Main Editorial Board of Radio Broadcasting to the Countries of Asia, the Near and Middle East (“Voice of Russia”). Numerous records of Sri Lankan government officials at the disposal of the editors confirm the correctness of this recommendation. Dictionaries recommend the variant Sri Lanka with the final accent - Sri Lanka, and in the Great Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary Sri Lanka is given with two accents: Sri-La nka.

Thus, when choosing options for the emphasis of foreign-language geographical names, in some cases, extra-linguistic factors and the degree of use of certain options in speech practice are taken into account. Sometimes traditional options become outdated, and the rights of “citizenship” are given to options close to the original, for example: Cara Cas (capital of Venezuela), Boston (city, USA), Oxford (city, UK). All of the above dictionaries, as well as this Dictionary, give preference to these options. The following variants have become widespread in television and radio speech: Qatar (state in South-West Asia), Cordoba (city, Spain), Melbourne (city, Australia), Rostock (city, Germany ), Xi days (city, Australia).

In dictionaries ( cm. bibliography) different recommendations are given:

Ka tar -; Kata r - ( official. Ka tar);
Kordova - ; Ko rdo va -;
Melbourne - ; Me lbu rn -;
Si days - ; Si day th - ;
Ro stock - ; Ro hundred k - .

This Dictionary - “Dictionary of proper names of the Russian language” contains: Qatar, Cordova, Melbourne, Si days, Rostock.

In other cases, the traditional variants that are given in the Dictionary are used: Iowa (state, USA), Potsda m (city, Germany), Buchenva ice (German-fascist concentration camp), Balato n (lake, Hungary), Reykja vik (the capital of Iceland), although in the source languages ​​they are pronounced differently: A yova, Po tsdam, Buchenwald, Balaton, Re ykjavik.

Microtoponymic names of the capital are part of its culture, its history. The correct pronunciation of capital place names is of particular importance.

Professional television and radio workers (show presenters, commentators, columnists, correspondents, journalists) often have difficulty pronouncing the names of squares, streets, and alleys in Moscow.

In order to establish greater uniformity in the pronunciation of this category of vocabulary and, if possible, minimize discrepancies in this area, the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company published a dictionary-reference book by F. L. Ageenko “Accents in the names of Moscow streets and in geographical names of the Moscow region”1 edited by Professor D. E Rosenthal. This manual was the first experience in studying the orthoepic microtoponymy of Moscow2, the only reference book at that time that provided information about the stress, pronunciation and inflection of the names of Moscow streets, squares, and alleys. Also included was a small certificate about the origin of Moscow street names.

The list of Moscow street names included in this publication has been significantly expanded. It also includes microtoponyms of some capitals foreign countries, for example: Shte fan-pla c [te], several. (main square Vienna), etc.

They are divided into several types of names associated: 1) with Russian surnames, 2) with foreign language surnames, 3) with geographical names, 4) with the names of churches, 5) with the professional activities of people.

1. In speech practice you can hear: Dezhnev Ave. and Dezhnev Ave., st. Vasily Botyleva and st. Vasily Botyleva, st. Bori sa Zhigulenkova and st. Bori sa Zhigule nikova, st. Konenkova and st. Kone Nkova. It is recommended to pronounce all these names the way the bearers themselves pronounced their surnames, after whom the streets are named, namely: Dezhnev Ave., st. Vasily Botylev, st. Boris Zhigulenkova, st. Konenkova.

2. Along with the difficulties of choosing the correct stress, difficulties may arise associated with pronunciation in words of foreign origin, for example, U lofa Pa palme, st. [me], A Mundsen, st. [se]. In these cases, after the name, the pronunciation mark [me], [se] is given in square brackets.

3. In names associated with geographical names, it is recommended to follow the accent characteristic of the given object. Variation is noted when using the name Derbenevskaya embankment. It is named after the Derbe Nevka tract, it is recommended to pronounce it: Derbe Nevskaya embankment, and not Derbenevskaya embankment.

Sometimes they use the variant Reutovskaya street. instead of Reutovskaya. It was named after the mountains near Moscow. Reutov.

There is inconsistency in the use of names: Golikovsky lane. and Golikovsky lane, Stavropolskaya and Stavropolskaya streets, Belgorodsky Ave. and Belgorodsky Ave., Novgorodskaya street. and No Vgorodskaya St., Kargopolskaya St. and Kargopolskaya St., Zvenigorodskaya St. and Zveni city street. Certain patterns are noted here. In adjectives with the suffix - sk, formed from geographical names, the stress is often placed on the same syllable as in the name from which it is derived (Tambo in - Tambovsky, Uglich - Uglichsky, Goliki (from the Goliki tract) - Golikovsky lane, but sometimes there is a shift in stress closer to the end of the word: Stavropol - Stavropolskaya st., Belgorod - Belgorodsky Ave., No vgorod - Novgorodskaya st., Kargopol - Kargopolskaya st., Zveni gorod - Zvenigorodskaya st.

The name Vorotnikovsky Lane fluctuates in use. Named after it was located here since the 15th century. Vorotnikovskaya Sloboda, whose residents - “vorotniki” - guarded the gates of the Kremlin, Kitay-Gorod and the White City. In the adjective formed from the word “collar” (guard at the gate), the emphasis moves closer to the end of the word: collar.

4. In some cases, the names are associated with the names of churches. The names Bolshoy Nikolovorobinsky and Maly Nikolovorobinsky lanes arose in the 19th century. according to the Church of St. Nicholas “in Vorobin”, located here since the 17th century. This is exactly how these names should be pronounced.

Of interest is the name Bolshoi Devyatinsky Lane, associated with the name of the Church of the Nine Martyrs. The name was assigned to the lane in the 18th century. It should be pronounced: Bolshoi Devyatinsky lane.

5. Some names are associated with the professional activities of people, for example: Bolshoy Gnezdnikovsky lane. The modern name arose in the 18th century, given by the nesters who lived here - foundry masters. It is recommended to pronounce the name: Bolshoi Gnezdnikovsky lane.

3. Accents in surnames and personal names

The correctness of the recommendations in placing emphasis in surnames was checked by the author by contacting the bearers of surnames - in some cases, studying the issue based on documentary data and testimonies of contemporaries - in others. Recommendations from encyclopedic dictionaries were also taken into account. But in a number of cases, the instructions in dictionaries and encyclopedias regarding the placement of stress in certain surnames do not correspond to how the speakers themselves pronounced them. For example, the Russian poet Konstantin Balmont pronounced his last name with the emphasis on the last syllable (Balmont nt). This is evidenced by the statement of his daughter Bruni-Balmont, who participated in one of the radio programs dedicated to the poet. The poetess Marina Tsvetaeva3 also wrote about this. In this Dictionary, this surname is given with the final accent: Balmont nt. In the Great Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary (M., 2005) it is given with the emphasis on the first syllable: Balmont.

In borrowed surnames, the accents in some cases are placed in accordance with those accepted in the source languages, for example, RE MBRANDT Harmens van Rijn [re] (Dutch artist), LEE NCOLLEN Abraham (16th President of the USA), WA SHINGTON George (1st US President). This takes into account the degree of use of stress variants in television and radio speech.

In other cases, the Dictionary gives traditional variants that are widely used in speech practice: SHO U George Berna rd (English writer), DALTO N (Dolton) John (English physicist and chemist), BRE HT Berto lt (German writer, director), NEWTO N Isaac (English mathematician, astronomer and physicist), IBARRU RI Dolo res (Spanish statesman), CARME N (Spanish name). Shakespeare's surname retains the traditional emphasis on the last syllable. The transcription itself does not correspond to the true pronunciation of the surname (Sheykspir). Probably the shift of stress (Shakespeare p) is due to the influence French. Variations in the use of Shakespeare's name are noted: William and William. Recently, in print, as well as in the republication of the writer’s works, a version close to the original has been used, William. The Dictionary gives: Shakespeare r William.

In recent years, the variant Marie I Stu art has become common in television and radio speech. This pronunciation can be heard in the speech of actors and directors in various television programs. The Dictionary lists: STU ART Gilbert, Stu art Gilbert (American artist); STU ART James, Stu Art James (English economist); but: STUA RT Marie I, cm. Marie I Stewart rt; Marie i Stewart, Marie and Stewart (Scottish queen in 1542-1567). The version of Marie i Stua rt is widespread in speech practice, so it is given with the traditional accent.

Variation is noted in the use of the surname of Shakespeare's hero Macbeth. In accordance with the rule for placing stress in English should be pronounced Makbe t, since the Scottish prefix Mak is never stressed. This version, close to the original, is increasingly used in television and radio programs. The Dictionary gives: “Macbe t” (tragedy by W. Shakespeare; opera by G. Verdi; ballet by K. Molchanov); but: “Lady Macbet of Mtsensk District” - a story by N. Leskov. As you can see, the traditional version is preserved in the title of N. Leskov’s work.

Accent variation is observed when using the surname of the American animator Walt Disney. As practice shows, the norm is shifting towards the traditional option: Disney. The dictionary gives: DISNE Y Walt, Disney I Walt [ne], Disneyland nd, -a [ne, le] (children's park, California).

The emphasis in the use of the surname of the French artist (of Spanish origin) - PICASSO Pablo - fluctuates. He was a French citizen and lived most of his life in France. The French pronounce this surname with the final accent - PICASSO. This option came into Russian culture through the French language and became widely used.

But, as practice shows, in recent years the version of PIKA SSO, corresponding to the stress of the source language, has become widespread in the Russian language. This edition gives: PIKA SSO Pa blo.

4. Rules for placing stress in proper names borrowed from other languages

4.1. The emphasis in non-Russified surnames and geographical names is usually fixed, i.e., when declensting, it remains in the same place: Balsa k, -a, Dvo rzhak - Dvo rzhak, Limo z - Limo zha, München - München.

4.2. In words borrowed from French, the stress is always at the end of the word: Zola, Stendal, Flaubert, Lyon, Bordeaux, “France Catholic” (Gaz., France).

4.3. In proper names that came into Russian from English, the stress in most cases is on the first syllable: Bairon, Darvin, Cardiff, but: Manchester, Liverpool.

4.4. In German words, the emphasis is on the root of the word and rarely on the suffix or ending: Baden, Egmont, Schumann, Hendel, but: Berlin n.

4.5. In the languages ​​Swedish, Dutch, Norwegian, Icelandic and Danish, the stress is usually placed on the first syllable: U psala, Bergen, O slo, Groningen, O rhus.

4.6. In words that came into the Russian language from Finnish, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, Estonian, Latvian languages, the emphasis is on the first syllable: Helsinki, Tallinn, Sigulda, Debrecen, Baldone, “Helsingin sa nomat” (gas ., Finland), “Not Psabadsag” (Gaz., Hungary), “Ze medelske no viny” (Gaz., Czech Republic).

4.7. In words from the languages ​​of Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, the stress is placed mainly on the second syllable from the end of the word, much less often on the third and only in some cases on the last: Tole do, Zaragoza, Peruja, Palermo, Da nte Alighe ri, Miguel l Serva ntes de Saave dra, but: E vora (city, Portugal), Valladoli d (city, Spain).

4.8. In Polish, the stress is on the penultimate syllable: Szczecin, Gdynia, Włocławek, Sienkiewicz, Wieniawski, “Gaze ta vyborcha” (Gaz., Poland).

4.9. In words that came into the Russian language from the languages ​​of Turkish, Tatar, as well as from some Caucasian languages, for example, Dagestan, Kabarda, etc., the emphasis is placed at the end of the word: Musa Djali l, Nazy m Hikme t, Ankara, Istanbul, “ Gyulsara "(opera by R. Gliere), "Millie t" (Gaz., Türkiye).

4.10. In Japanese surnames and names, the stress is usually on the penultimate syllable: Yamaga ta, Aki ra Kurosa wa, but: “Sanke y shimbun” (Gaz., Japan), O saka, To kyo.

4.11. In words that came into the Russian language from the Chinese language, the emphasis is placed on the end: Shanghai y, Urumqi, Beijing, Deng Xiaoping, Sun Yatsen, but: Qingda o, “Renmin jiba o” (Gaz., China).

4.12. In Korean and Vietnamese surnames and names, the emphasis is placed at the end of the word: Hano y, Seoul, Pyongyang, Ho Chi Minh, Pham Van Do ng, “Nodo n sinmu n” (Gaz., DPRK).

4.13. Sometimes the same names, first names and surnames are pronounced differently in different languages, for example, the names Ahmed, Hasan, Muhammad (Mohammed) Tatars, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Afghans, Iranians, Pakistanis pronounce with emphasis on the last syllable: Ahme d, Hasan, Muhamme d (Mohamme d), and the Egyptians, Syrians, Sudanese, Libyans, residents Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iraq, Tunisia - with emphasis on the penultimate: A khmed, Kha san, Mukha mmed (Mokha mmed), these differences in the place of stress in the Russian language are preserved.

4.14. In some borrowed surnames and names in the Russian language, the emphasis is traditionally placed on a different syllable than in the source languages, for example, Washington (city), Balato, Reykjavik, Shakespeare, Munchester, Hiroshi Ma, but in English they pronounce: Washington, Manchester, Shakespeare, in Hungarian - Balaton, in Icelandic - Reykjavik, in Japanese - Hiroshima.

5. Pronunciation

The Dictionary provides partial information about pronunciation. It contains some orthoepic features: 1) the absence of softening of a number of consonants before e, 2) softening in some cases of hissing and, ts And w.

Pronunciation of consonants before e

Most borrowed proper names are pronounced with a softening of the consonant before e in accordance with the norms of Russian literary pronunciation: [B"]berlio z4, [B"]etho ven, Buda[p"]e sht, etc. However, many foreign-language proper names can be cited in which the consonants in this position are pronounced firmly: B [RE]HT Berto lt, BRI T[TE]N Ben djamin, VA LLENSH[TE]YN A lb[re]kht, BRO [DE]LE A anna.

Sometimes in the speech of speakers on television and radio there is an unjustified softening of consonants before e, for example: [S"]E N-SA NS Kamil, GOB[S"]E K, [N"]EIGA UZ Heinrich, FO LK[N"]ER William instead of [SE]H-CA HC Kami l, GOB[SE]K, [NE]YGA UZ Gen. Henry, FO LK[NE]R William.

Information about the hardness of consonants before e in proper names they are given in square brackets, for example MATE YKO YAN [te].

Pronunciation agree x f, c and w

Letters and, ts And w always denote hard consonants [zh], [ts] and [sh]: Gilbe r - [Zhy]lbe r, Shelly - [She]lly, Tse tkin - [Tse]tkin. However, in some borrowed proper names in a high style of speech, it is preferable to use variants with soft [sh], [zh] and [ts], although this does not correspond to the rules of Russian orthoepy. In such cases, the Dictionary gives the corresponding marks, for example: MASSNE Jules [ne; Not zhu]; RENA R Jules [re; Not zhu]; SORET LE Julien [re; Not zhu]; JURA YTIS A lgis [ Not zhu]; SE N-JU ST Louis [se; Not zhu]; Zurich [ Not tsu].

However, the number of proper names where it is preferable to use variants with soft [w], [zh] and [ts] is small. In most cases, these consonants are pronounced firmly in accordance with the rules of Russian orthoepy.

1 The dictionary-reference book was published by the Main Editorial Board of Letters and Sociological Research of the USSR State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company (1st ed. - 1980; 2nd - 1983).

2 In such publications as the Encyclopedia “Moscow” (1998), “Big Illustrated Encyclopedia “Moscow”. Moscow Studies from A to Z” (compiled by M. I. Vostryshev) (2007), microtoponyms of Moscow are given selectively. The most complete information on these topics was presented in the book “Names of Moscow Streets”. Toponymic dictionary. - M., 2007.

3 M. Tsvetaeva. “Prose” (section “Balmont and Bryusov”, p. 129). - Netherlands, 1969 (Zetchworth, Hertfordshire). A footnote is made to the surname K. Balmont: “I ask the reader, according to the speaker, to pronounce it with an emphasis on the end” (Balmont nt). In the book "Konstantin Balmont". - St. Petersburg, 1997 in the preface the emphasis is placed on the surname Balmont.

4 Softness of consonants before e is indicated by the sign ": [B"]erlio z.

Romanova or Romanova?!! Wow, buy yourself a dictionary of accents of proper names and forget everything you once knew. It’s incredible, but I counted more than 50 words (more precisely, proper names) that everyone pronounces differently. To ensure that you pronounce correctly, I suggest you carefully read the list below. All words are deliberately written in small letters. The accent letter is capital.

Accents

• no Yu tone, p E mbrant, b E nard sh ABOUT y, picass ABOUT, Emily Br ABOUT nte, d E Copperf type AND ld, car A cas, b ABOUT stnon, k A nzas, ark A nzas, per U, DAVID GETA, MELEN PHARME, SERGIY RADONEZHsky, SALVAD ABOUT r gave AND, Alex AND y, falcon ABOUT v-mikit ABOUT in, balash AND ha, led AND cue U stug, k AND zhi, stavrop ABOUT Lsky region, Nikar A gua, queb E k, s AND days, sri lanka A, V A Shington (first US President).

Pronunciation

dek A rt (de), flob E p (be), decamer ABOUT n (de), r E ygan (re), shop E n (pronounced with an "o"), volt E r (pronounced with an "o"), jules E n (zh"), w Yu l(zh").

Controversial cases:

1. makb E t (in Shakespeare). As for Leskov’s work “Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk” and Verdi’s opera “Macbeth”, the traditional accent (“a”) is preserved here.
2. Ankar A(however, in Turkish the stress falls on the first syllable - Ankara)
3. picass ABOUT– if we consider the artist to be French and PicAsso – if we remember his Spanish roots.
4. ha AND ti (Spaniards pronounce haitI)
5. pan A ma (Spaniards pronounce Panama)
6. chiros AND ma (Japanese pronounce hirOshima)
7. belgr A d (Serbs put emphasis on E)

Features of declension of surnames

Surnames that end in – and I, bowing: Chkonia Lamara, Chkonia Lamar. Surnames that end in – ia, do not bow: Faria Jesus, Faria Jesus. You can also add to this article. If you know a complex example, indicate it in the comments. I'm sure it will be useful for everyone. Yuliana Romanova.

Before moving on to phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of a text is conveyed or a conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning; we perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters out loud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every schoolchild knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called the Cyrillic alphabet. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not themselves define any sound units.

You often pronounce sounds in phrases differently from how you write them in writing. In addition, a word may use more letters than sounds. For example, “children’s” - the letters “T” and “S” merge into one phoneme [ts]. And vice versa, the number of sounds in the word “blacken” is greater, since the letter “Yu” in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic analysis?

We perceive spoken speech by ear. By phonetic analysis of a word we mean the characteristics of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, with phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter parsing, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, it is correctly written:

• black -> [h"orny"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar"]
• Christmas tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special symbols. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish the letter notation (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• The phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets – ;
• a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign [’] - an apostrophe;
• percussive [´] - accent;
• in complex word forms from several roots, the secondary stress sign [`] - gravis is used (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Ё, ь and Ъ are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
• for doubled consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic, phonetic and word analysis with online examples, in accordance with general school standards of the modern Russian language. Professional linguists' transcriptions of phonetic characteristics are distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowel and consonant phonemes.

How to make a phonetic analysis of a word?

The following diagram will help you carry out letter analysis:

• Write down the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants there are in it.
• Indicate the stressed syllable. (Stress, using intensity (energy), distinguishes a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that syllable division in is different from the rules of transfer. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In the transcription, sort the word by sounds.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• Opposite each letter in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya”, “i” can represent 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and indicate its properties separated by commas:
  • for a vowel we indicate in the characteristic: vowel sound; stressed or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: consonant sound; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorant, paired/unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-dullness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic analysis of a word

Here is a sample phonetic analysis of the composition for the word “phenomenon” → [yivl’e′n’ie]. In this example there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-n-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristics of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorant [i] - vowel, unstressedv [v] - acc., paired hard, paired sound l [l'] - acc., paired soft., unpaired . sound, sonorant [e′] - vowel, stressed [n’] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired sound, sonorant and [i] - vowel, unstressed [th] - consonant, unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed________________________In total, the word phenomenon has 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter “I” and the last “E” each represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationships and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What sounds are there?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, can be stressed or unstressed. The consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian living speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonant sounds and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many people have a reasonable question: why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ for both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, softness-hardness pairs:

• [b] - cheerful and [b’] - squirrel;
• or [d]-[d’]: home - to do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h’] will always be soft. If you doubt it, try to say it firmly and make sure it is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, little rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached dimensionless proportions, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in Russian words

Vowel sounds Unlike consonants, they are melodic; they flow freely, as if in a chant, from the larynx, without barriers or tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you try to pronounce a consonant, the more energetically you will close your mouth. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these phoneme classes.

The stress in any word form can only fall on the vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowel sounds are there in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six shock sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [u], [s]. And let us remind you that there are ten letters: a, e, e, i, o, u, y, e, i, yu. The vowels E, E, Yu, I are not “pure” sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words by letter, the emphasis falls on the listed letters.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the force of exhalation, increased duration of sound and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to carry out. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains its basic form is called strong position. This position can only be occupied by a stressed sound and a syllable. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in a stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with the greatest strength and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In the Russian language, only one phoneme “U” retains unchangeable phonetic properties: kuruza, tablet, u chus, u lov - in all positions it is pronounced clearly as [u]. This means that the vowel “U” is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “U”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´ch’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, “O” is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when the unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [kaka "o], patio [pa"tio], radio [ra"dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, the conjunction but. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “ё” - [o]: thorn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. It will also not be difficult to analyze the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make a correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of a vowel only after placing stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: za"mok - zamo"k and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm home [ya do "ma].
• New houses [no "vye da ma"].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, pronounced differently than written:

• mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
• he - online = [o "n] - [a nla"yn]
• witness line = [sv’id’e “t’i l’n’itsa].

Such changes in vowels in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And high-quality reduction, when the characteristics of the original sound change.

The same unstressed vowel letter can change its phonetic characteristics depending on its position:

• primarily relative to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in open syllables (consisting of only one vowel);
• on the influence of neighboring signs (ь, ъ) and consonant.

Yes, it varies 1st degree of reduction. It is subject to:

• vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable;
• naked syllable at the very beginning;
• repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n’iz’d’e’shn’ii].

(uncovered syllable)+(2-3 pre-stressed syllable)+ 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → over-stressed syllable (+2/3 over-stressed syllable)

• vper-re -di [fp’ir’i d’i´];
• e -ste-ste-st-no [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in:a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables during sound analysis are classified as reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called a “weak position of the second degree.”

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t’];
• model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
• swallow [la´-sta -ch’ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i´-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in stages: second, third (after hard and soft consonants - this is beyond curriculum): learn [uch’i´ts:a], become numb [atsyp’in’e´t’], hope [nad’e´zhda]. During letter analysis, the reduction of the vowel in the weak position in the final open syllable (= at the absolute end of the word) will appear very slightly:

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• change.

Sound-letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], Ya - [ya] often mean two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotized. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

When analyzed phonetically, the vowels e, e, yu, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the words “Yo” and “Yu” are always:
  • - shudder [yo´ zhyts:a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’nyy], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], container [yo´ mcast’];
  • - jeweler [yuv il’i´r], top [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], nimbleness [yu ´rkas’t’];
• at the beginning of the words “E” and “I” only under stress*:
  • - spruce [ye´ l’], travel [ye´ w:u], huntsman [ye´ g’ir’], eunuch [ye´ vnukh];
  • - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
  • (*to perform sound-letter analysis of the unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel “Yo” and “Yu” always. But “E” and “I” are in stressed and unstressed syllables, except in cases where these letters are located after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd unstressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples in specified cases:
  • - receiver [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sings t [payo´t], klyyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
  • -ayu rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], I sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the dividing solid “Ъ” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
• after the dividing soft “b” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” is always, and “E” and “I” are under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ga], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stress is of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the sound-letter analysis of the remaining iotized ones and see how they can still change characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels“E” and “I” designate two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of the word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yil´vyy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], him [yivo´], fidget [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
  • - January [yi nvarskiy], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye vrap'io´idnaya], Evgeniy [ye] vgeny, European [ye vrap'e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rkhiya, etc.).
• immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • in a timely manner [svai vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi w:a´t'], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi ts], students [uch'a´sh'iyi s'a], with sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
  • bark [la´yi t'], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi c], belt [po´yi s], declare [zayi v'i´t'], show [prayi in 'l'u´]
• after the dividing hard “Ъ” or soft “b” sign: - intoxicating [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [syi dobny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by “ecane”, and the Moscow school is characterized by “hiccup”. Previously, the iotrated “Yo” was pronounced with a more accented “Ye”. With a change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, adhere to Moscow norms in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel “I” the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is voiced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

The letter “I” after the soft sign “b” also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of online sound-letter analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [na ku´r'yi' x" no´shkah], rabbit [kro´l'ich'yi], no family [s'im 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi]. But: Vowel “O” after a soft sign. “b” is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavilion n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, chignon n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillot tina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels “Yu” “E” “E” “I” form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the designated letters give one sound when:

• sound units “Yo” “Yu” “E” are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: zh, sh, ts. Then they denote phonemes:
  • ё - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online analysis by sounds: yellow [zho´ lty], silk [sho´ lk], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'itse´ pt], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she'rshen'], parachute [parashu't];
• The letters “I” “Yu” “E” “E” and “I” indicate the softness of the preceding consonant [’]. Exception only for: [f], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё – [o]: ticket [put'o´ fka], easy [l'o´ hk'iy], honey fungus [ap'o´ nak], actor [akt'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´nak];
  • e – [e]: seal [t’ul’e´ n’], mirror [z’e’ rkala], smarter [umn’e´ ye], conveyor [kanv’e´ yir];
  • I – [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu – [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel “E” does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do a phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without a preceding apostrophe of softness: hotel [ate´ l'], strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n:is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [table´ t].
• Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels “E” and “I” undergo qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (except for [ts], [zh], [sh]). Examples of phonetic analysis of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'i sno´y], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [p'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lie [l'i ga´t'], five grater [p'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonants of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in the Russian language. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or ringing appears in the voice.

How many consonants are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet they are designated by 21 letters. However, when performing sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonant sounds more, namely 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are the consonant sounds?

In our language there are consonants:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in’]: in height - in yun,
  • [g] - [g’]: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d’]: dacha - dolphin,
  • [z] - [z’]: z von - z ether,
  • [k] - [k’]: k onfeta - to enguru,
  • [l] - [l’]: boat - l lux,
  • [m] - [m’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n’]: new - nectar,
  • [p] - [p’]: p alma- p yosik,
  • [r] - [r’]: daisy - row of poison,
  • [s] - [s’]: with uvenir - with urpriz,
  • [t] - [t’]: tuchka - t ulpan,
  • [f] - [f’]: f lag - f February,
  • [x] - [x’]: x orek - x seeker.
• Certain consonants do not have a hard-soft pair. Unpaired ones include:
  • sounds [zh], [ts], [sh] - always hard (zhzn, tsikl, mouse);
  • [ch’], [sch’] and [th’] are always soft (daughter, more often than not, yours).
• The sounds [zh], [ch’], [sh], [sh’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - voiceless, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the voicedness-voicelessness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and the participation of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorant (l, m, n, r, y) are the most sonorous phonemes, in them a maximum of voices and a few noises are heard: l ev, rai, n o l.
• If, when pronouncing a word during sound parsing, both a voice and noise are formed, it means that you have a voiced consonant (g, b, z, etc.): plant, b people, life.
• When pronouncing voiceless consonants (p, s, t and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is made: st opka, fishka, k ost yum, tsirk, sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: stop (b, p, d, t) - cleft (zh, w, z, s) and method of articulation: labiolabial (b, p, m) , labiodental (f, v), anterior lingual (t, d, z, s, c, g, w, sch, h, n, l, r), midlingual (th), posterior lingual (k, g, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Tip: If you're just starting to practice spelling words phonetically, try placing your hands on your ears and saying the phoneme. If you were able to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is voiceless.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget our friend.” - V this proposal contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat some soup? - Fi! - similarly, the indicated replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonants in Russian

The consonant sound, just like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter phonetically can represent a different sound, depending on the position it occupies. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is compared to the articulation of a consonant located next to it. This effect makes pronunciation easier and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation according to deafness and voicedness applies. The voiced paired consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of a phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [klu´p];
• before voiceless consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], obkh vatit [apkh vat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
• doing a sound-letter analysis online, you will notice that the voiceless paired consonant standing before the voiced one (except for [th'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n'], [r] - [r']) is also voiced, that is, replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a voiceless noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [z] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter “G” is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings “-ogo”, “-ego” of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant “G” is transcribed as the sound [v]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e´lava], sharp, full, former, that, that, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school curriculum on phonetics, this process is called consonant contraction: separate [ad:'il'i´t'] → the letters “T” and “D” are reduced into sounds [d'd'], besh smart [b'ish: u ´much]. When analyzing the composition of a number of words in sound-letter analysis, dissimilation is observed - the opposite process to assimilation. In this case, the common feature of two adjacent consonants changes: the combination “GK” sounds like [xk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o′kh'k'ii], soft [m'a′kh' k'ii].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, an apostrophe [’] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before “b”;
• the softness of the consonant sound in a syllable in writing will help determine the vowel letter that follows it (e, ё, i, yu, i);
• [ш'], [ч'] and [й] are only soft by default;
• The sound [n] is always softened before soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'itseen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve[n'z'] el, licé[n'z'] iya, ka[n'd'] idat, ba[n'd'] it, i[n'd'] ivid , blo[n'd']in, stipe[n'd']iya, ba[n't']ik, vi[n't']ik, zo[n't']ik, ve[n' t'] il, a[n't'] ical, co[n't'] text, remo[n't'] edit;
• the letters “N”, “K”, “P” during phonetic analysis of their composition can be softened before the soft sounds [ch'], [sch']: glass ik [staka'n'ch'ik], smenschik ik [sm'e ′n'sch'ik], donch ik [po'n'ch'ik], masonry ik [kam'e'n'sch'ik], boulevard [bul'va'r'sh'ina], borscht [ borsch'];
• often the sounds [з], [с], [р], [н] before a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e′nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-letter analysis, take into account the exception words when the consonant [r] before soft teeth and labials, as well as before [ch’], [sch’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter “b” after a consonant unpaired in hardness/softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during letter analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiceless consonants before hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter analysis

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiceless: [d-t] or [z-s] before sibilants (zh, sh, shch, h) are phonetically replaced by a sibilant consonant.

• Literal analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: arrival [pr'ie'zhzh ii], ascend [vashsh e´st'iye], izzh elta [i´zh elta], take pity [zh a´l'its: A].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. When performing sound-letter analysis of a word, you must denote one of the repeated sounds in the transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Letter combinations with a hissing “szh” - “zzh” are pronounced like a double hard consonant [zh:], and “ssh” - “zsh” - like [sh:]: squeezed, sewed, without a splint, climbed in.
• The combinations “zzh”, “zhzh” inside the root, when parsed in letters and sounds, are written in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I ride, I squeal, later, reins, yeast, zhzhenka.
• The combinations “sch”, “zch” at the junction of a root and a suffix/prefix are pronounced as a long soft [sch’:]: account [sch’: o´t], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the following word in place of “sch”, “zch” is transcribed as [sch'ch']: without number [b'esh' ch' isla´], with something [sch'ch' e'mta] .
• During sound-letter analysis, the combinations “tch”, “dch” at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [ch':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], good fellow [little-ch': ik], report [ach': o´t].

Cheat sheet for comparing consonant sounds by place of formation

• sch → [sch':]: happiness [sch': a´s't'ye], sandstone [p'ish': a´n'ik], peddler [vari´sch': ik], paving stones, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zch → [sch’:]: carver [r’e’sch’: ik], loader [gru’sch’: ik], storyteller [raska’sch’: ik];
• zhch → [sch’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ sch’: ik], man [musch’: i´na];
• shch → [sch’:]: freckled [in’isnu’sch’: ity];
• stch → [sch’:]: tougher [zho’sch’: e], biting, rigger;
• zdch → [sch’:]: roundabout [abye’sch’: ik], furrowed [baro’sch’: ity];
• ssch → [sch’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t’], became generous [rasch’: e’dr’ils’a];
• thsch → [ch'sch']: to split off [ach'sch' ip'i′t'], to snap off [ach'sch' o´lk'ivat'], in vain [ch'sch' etna], carefully [ch' sch' at'el'na];
• tch → [ch’:]: report [ach’: o′t], fatherland [ach’: i′zna], ciliated [r’is’n’i′ch’: i′ty];
• dch → [ch’:]: emphasize [pach’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
• szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t’];
• zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t’], kindle [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t’];
• ssh → [sh:]: brought [pr’in’o′sh: y], embroidered [rash: y’ty];
• zsh → [sh:]: lower [n’ish: s′y]
• th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, doing a sound-letter analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs] , for nothing [n'e′ zasht a], something [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
• th → [h't] in other cases of letter parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] etc;
• chn → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, as well as in female patronymics ending in “-ichna”: Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
• chn → [ch'n] - letter analysis for all other options: fabulous [ska´zach'n y], dacha [da´ch'n y], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n y], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
• !zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, double pronunciation and transcription [sch’] or [sht’] is allowed in the word rain and in the word forms derived from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in Russian words

During the pronunciation of an entire phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the spelling of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sn y], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, one can perform a phonetic analysis of the words staircase, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy [sh':asl 'i´vyy"], happy, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and postlat, in them the letter “T” is pronounced);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g'iga´nsk 'ii], agency, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], to eat up [take´s: a], to swear I [kl’a´s: a];
  • sts → [s:]: tourist [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, Hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: x-ray en [r’eng ’e´n];
  • “–tsya”, “–tsya” → [ts:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [my´ts: a], looks, fits, bows, shave, fits;
  • ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of a root and a suffix: childish [d’e´ts k’ii], bratskiy [bratskyi];
  • ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete [sparts: m’e´n], send [atss yla´t’];
  • tts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratz a [bra´ts: a], father epit [ats: yp'i´t'], to father u [k atz: y´];
• “D” - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: late [z'n'y], star [z'v'ozn'y], holiday [pra'z'n'ik], free [b'izvazm' e′know];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
  • NDsk → [NSK]: Dutch [Galansk ’ii], Thai [Thailansk ’ii], Norman [Narmansk ’ii];
  • zdts → [sts]: under the bridles [fall usts s´];
  • ndc → [nts]: Dutch [galans];
  • rdc → [rts]: heart [s’e´rts e], serdts evin [s’irts yv’i´na];
  • rdch → [rch"]: heart ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
  • dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsed soundly, the word is written as double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t'], twenty [dva´ts: yt'] ;
  • ds → [ts]: factory koy [zavac ko´y], rods tvo [rac tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods k [k’islavo´ts k];
• “L” - in combinations:
  • sun → [nz]: sun [so´nts e], solar state;
• “B” - in combinations:
  • vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello, go away], feelings about [ch's'tva], sensuality [ch'us'tv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´stv 'in:y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, when there is a cluster of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk” the loss of the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [payestka], daughter-in-law, typist, summons, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

• When parsing letters, two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude symbol [:]: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l’], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules, or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word being studied, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book." M. 1959

Used literature:

• Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – MSU, M.: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
• Study guide. – “Institute for Advanced Training of Education Workers”, Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. – M.: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the school curriculum format. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.