Hungary examples of world heritage sites 4. UNESCO Heritage

Pecs (in Hungary) Pecs is a city in southwestern Hungary (see Hungary) at the foot of the southern slopes of the Mecsek mountain range, 32 km from the border with Croatia (see Croatia). Population 155.9 thousand people. (2001). The administrative center of the region (council) is Baranya.… … Geographical encyclopedia

PEČ (Pecs), a city in southwestern Hungary (see HUNGARY), at the foot of the Mecsek mountain range, the administrative center of the county (see MEDIE) Baranya. Population 158.7 thousand people (2004). Mechanical engineering, woodworking, chemical, shoe leather... Encyclopedic Dictionary

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Europe- (Europe) Europe is a densely populated, highly urbanized part of the world named after a mythological goddess, forming together with Asia the continent of Eurasia and having an area of ​​​​about 10.5 million km² (approximately 2% of total area Earth) and... Investor Encyclopedia

1) peak, Pamir, Tajikistan. Opened in 1932 1933 by employees of the Tajik-Pamir Expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences and named Molotov Peak, after the name of the owl. figure V. M. Molotov (1890 1986). In 1957 renamed Peak Russia. 2) Russian... ... Geographical encyclopedia

- (Kotor), resort in the southwest. Montenegro (Serbia and Montenegro), on the shore of Kotor Bay. The Adriatic Sea, at the foot of Lovcen (1749 m), on which the mausoleum of the Montenegrin ruler P. Njegos is located. 22 thousand inhabitants (1991). Founded as a Roman... ... Geographical encyclopedia

This term has other meanings, see Dubrovnik (meanings). City of Dubrovnik, Croatia. Dubrovnik Coat of Arms ... Wikipedia

Capital of Hungary. Modern the city was formed in 1872 by adm. the unification of the cities of Buda and Pest, located on opposite banks of the Danube. The name of the new city was formed by adding the names of the merged cities: Buda Pest ... Geographical encyclopedia

- (Croatian Dubrovnik, historical name lat. Ragusa Ragusa) is a city in Dalmatia, in southern Croatia, on Adriatic coast. Dubrovnik is the administrative center of the Dubrovnik Neretva County, a famous international resort, a major seaport.… … Catholic Encyclopedia

Capital of Austria. In place of the modern cities in the 1st century BC e. was Rome. military Camp Vindobona (Vindobona). Name from Celt, vindo white, bona fenced place, town. Modern Wien (Win), traditional. Vein. Geographical names world: Toponymic... ... Geographical encyclopedia

This huge lake with slightly salty-tasting water was formed during the Ice Age. It is located on the very border of Austria and Hungary. The Austrians call it Neusiedler See, and the Hungarians call it Fertő. The unique landscape and microclimate of this place has long become a national treasure of Austria and is under the protection of UNESCO. There are more than 15 valuable species of fish in the water, and along the shores of the lake many rare plants grow and live large number a wide variety of birds. Today there is a large biosphere reserve here, where young biologists and ornithologists learn the basics of their science.

But this is not to say that this area is uninhabited. Settlements have existed here since the time of the Celts, and today, along the picturesque shores of the lake, here and there you can find pretty villages. There are also many tourists here who are allowed to swim in the lake, windsurf and even do a little fishing. The ancient quarries, where limestone was mined for many centuries, now host interesting performances; in addition, local aristocratic estates - the Esterhazy Palace and the mansion of Count Széchenyi - are open to the public.

Cultural landscape of Hallstatt-Dachstein

The Salzkammergut area is located east of Salzburg and includes the Dachstein mountain range as well as the surrounding lands. This region is famous for its stunning landscapes, clear mountain lakes and mysterious caves, most of which have not yet been explored. In the famous Ice Cave, you can see many natural ice sculptures, which constantly change their shape due to the melting of ice.

Many centuries ago, huge salt deposits were discovered in the Dachstein area, and the life of all settlements is closely connected with salt production. The small picturesque town of Hallstatt is known throughout the world for its unique architecture and rich history. A medieval saltworks and a unique salt pipeline, which consists of several thousand pipes, still operate here.

Cultural landscape of Wachau

The Wachau Valley is a section of the Danube valley between the towns of Krems and Melk, which is located in Lower Austria, approximately 80 km west of Vienna. The mild climate of this region served as an impetus for the development of gardening and viticulture in these places. Due to the rather difficult terrain, local vineyards are still processed only by hand, but the harvest produces amazing wine. Fruits are also grown here; apricots are especially famous. We don’t sell them here because they are collected overripe and no longer suitable for transportation. But they make a delicious apricot jam, which is used to soak the layers of the traditional Viennese Sachertorte.

The ancient town of Melk is famous primarily for its famous monastery. Melk Abbey was founded in the 11th century, and a century later a library with a large scriptorium was opened here, which served as the prototype for the setting of Umberto Eco's novel The Name of the Rose. It was in the depths of this library that the first manuscript of the “Song of the Nibelungs” was discovered.

There are many castles in the Wachau Valley, each of which is rumored interesting legends. The neighboring town of Durnstein is famous primarily for the fact that the English king Richard the Lionheart spent some time in captivity in the town castle. And although historians claim that the king was imprisoned in Vienna, interest in the castle and the city among tourists does not decrease.

The Wachau Valley is an amazing region that you can explore endlessly. Many interesting sights, magnificent views, an abundance of delicious food and wine - this real paradise for tourists, where everyone can find something interesting for themselves.

The railway line runs through the Semmering Pass. Its oldest section, 42 km long, was opened back in 1854 and is considered the world's first high-mountain railway.
From an engineering point of view, laying tracks through an area with such complex terrain was almost impossible, but the architect Karl von Gega nevertheless managed to find the necessary solutions and implement this project, unprecedented at that time.

Most of the route lies at an altitude of more than 900 m above sea level. To connect the individual sections, builders had to cut more than a dozen tunnels, build about 20 viaducts, many of which have two levels, and build more than 100 conventional bridges. A locomotive of a special design was invented especially for this road, capable of overcoming steep inclines.

Travel today railway Semmering has become a popular attraction among tourists, it runs along an exclusively picturesque places, and along the route there are many modern ski and balneological resorts.

Historic city center of Graz and Eggenberg Castle

Graz is the capital of Styria and the second largest city in Austria. It is often called the city of students, as four famous Austrian universities operate here. The city is also famous for its arsenal, which now houses a museum. Its rich collection tells in detail how bladed weapons and firearms developed over the centuries. However, Graz is attractive not only for its attractions; even a simple walk through the narrow streets of the Old Town can give an unforgettable experience, since many houses have been preserved here since the heyday of the Middle Ages.

Eggenberg Castle is located on the outskirts of Graz and is considered the most famous aristocratic residence in Styria. It was erected in the middle of the 17th century for Prince Eggenberg, who was interested in astrology all his life. That is why many elements of the building and its interior are designed to remind us of the passage of time and the movement of the stars. The building now belongs to Art Museum Graz, one part of it is occupied by the Hunting Museum, and the other by an interesting archaeological exhibition.

To mid-19th century, Vienna was surrounded by a stone wall. This part is still considered the historical center of the city. The wall was dismantled only in 1850, when 34 suburbs were included in the capital of Austria. In the place where the stonework was, the Ringstrasse street now runs, on which all the most famous museums in Vienna are located.

The heart of the old city is rightfully considered St. Stephen's Square and the famous cathedral of the same name. All excursions begin from this square; it was formed in the 15th century and has been a cultural center Vienna. Under the square there is a metro station, during the construction of which an ancient chapel was discovered. Now this interesting archaeological site can be seen directly from the platform. And on the square itself, the contours of the underground chapel are lined with white stone.

In the center of the square stands St. Stephen's Cathedral - the most important cathedral in the whole country. It is distinguished from all other Gothic churches in Europe by its multi-colored tiled roof. The inside of the cathedral is as magnificent as the outside, and among the relics stored in it, the miraculous icon of the Madonna of Pecs and a piece of the tablecloth of the Last Supper are especially honored.

Schönbrunn Palace and its parks

Located in Vienna, the majestic palace of the Habsburg dynasty is considered one of the most beautiful palaces in Europe and the most visited attraction in Austria. It is not for nothing that the entire complex of buildings and adjacent parks became the first Austrian site taken under UNESCO protection. This event happened in 1996.

The palace was built according to the design of Fischer von Erlach and was completed in 1713. For two centuries he served summer residence Emperors of Austria-Hungary, and after the fall of the monarchy it was turned into a museum and open to the general public.

Historic center of Salzburg

The city of Salzburg grew up on the site of a workers' village; from the first centuries AD, salt mining was carried out on the banks of the Salzach River. Salt at that time was worth its weight in gold, and the city was built with the proceeds from its sale.
The historical center of Salzburg is quite small in area and occupies a narrow strip of land between the river and the Alpine slopes, and above it, on the nearest mountain, the beautifully preserved medieval fortress of Hohensalzburg proudly rises.

This small European country has many interesting attractions, some of which are World Heritage Sites. For example, the Aggtelek nature reserve, where a unique cave system is located. Inside them you can see ancient stalactite labyrinths, in which geologists were able to study the processes of rock formation. Ordinary tourists are amazed by the beauty of these attractions, especially Baradla, which is considered the largest stalactite cave in the EU.

The UNESCO natural heritage in Hungary is also represented by the Hortobágy National Park. Oak groves grow here, rare animals and over one hundred and fifty species of birds live here. In particular, herons, bustards, mounded eagles and cranes are found here. Besides, local residents preserved the way of life of their ancestors. Time seems to have stopped here. Shepherds also lead a nomadic lifestyle. In the settlements there are crane wells, and food is prepared according to traditional recipes. Thus, Hortobágy represents not only natural, but also ethnocultural value.

The most important architectural sights of the country are located in the capital. Budapest is included in the list of UNESCO monuments in Hungary. In this city you can see ancient palaces; the famous Andrássy Avenue, built in the 19th century; churches and cathedrals, as well as beautiful bridges. In Budapest there are buildings erected in different styles - from Gothic to Baroque. Hungarian capital had a great influence on world architecture, for which it was deservedly included in the World Heritage List.

In addition to the majestic Budapest, you can visit ancient city Pech. He is famous thanks to ancient buildings, which date back to the 4th century. During the Roman Empire, the city of Sopiana was located in its place. Archaeologists were able to find many interesting artifacts on the territory of Pec. In addition, the largest early Christian cemetery in Europe has survived to this day. In its mausoleums you can see unique frescoes depicting the apostles and religious motifs.

In Hungary, Germany, Italy, Argentina and many other countries they are of exceptional interest to the world's population. Just under a thousand of these unique corners, distinguished by their natural, historical or cultural value, have been preserved. In Hungary, the state that represents Europe in at its best, there are eight such special objects.

World Heritage of Hungary

Eight objects from the list are included in it according to cultural criteria, another one - according to natural ones. Objects world heritage in Hungary include:

1. Sights of Budapest - the capital of the Hungarian Republic. The monuments date back to the 12th-18th centuries, and were added to the list in 1987.
2. Ethnographic Museum under open air V Hollokö village. It was included in the list of Hungarian World Heritage Sites in 1987, as was the capital.
3. Caves of the Slovak Karst and Aggtelek. mountain range in Hungary and Slovakia it was awarded special site status in 1995.
4. Monastery of the Benedictine Order in Pannonhalm. Added to the list in 1996.
5. Hortobágy protected area. The unique natural area appeared on the Hungarian World Heritage List in 1999.
6. Necropolis in the city of Pecs. Created in the fourth century AD, the site was added to the heritage list in 2000.
7. Landscape of Fertö - the westernmost flat salt lake in Europe. Appeared on the list in 2001.
8. Tokaj wine region. Wine has been produced here since the thirteenth century. The area was added to the heritage list in 2002. This is the last one on at the moment World Heritage Site in Hungary, no new attractions have been added to the list yet.

Budapest: bank of the Danube, Andrássy Avenue and other places

The first settlements on the territory of the modern capital appeared a very long time ago. In general, the city was formed from several small settlements located nearby. Today is the “birthplace of the waltz” and the “city of bridges”, which even has its own “ Champs Elysees", is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Andrássy Avenue is part of historical center Budapest. This street, built at the end of the nineteenth century, is today filled with many famous places. This is where the Postal Museum, Opera House, Old Palace art, Heroes' Square and Liszt.

The panorama of the Danube River embankment is breathtaking, and the city owes its inclusion in the Hungarian World Heritage List to its many bridges. The Szechenyi Chain Bridge is a large copy of the British Marlowe Bridge, Erzsebet is the most long bridge in Europe, the Liberty Bridge features elaborate decorations, and Margate consists of two parts that connect on a small island. And these are only the most culturally outstanding structures; there are eight bridges in total in Budapest.

The residence of the Hungarian kings - the Buda Fortress - deserves special attention. The walls of the structure separated the old, historical part of the city from the modern one. This castle is of amazing beauty, and at night it is also illuminated favorably, which emphasizes the uniqueness of the architectural ensemble.

Hollokö: an open-air ethnic museum

The entire population of the village of Hollokö today lives the same life as it did several centuries ago. They engage in crafts, preserve customs and traditions, wear national clothes, eat simple food and do housework. In mid-August, an almost real knightly tournament is held here, and in October everyone celebrates the grape harvest.

When the threat of an Ottoman invasion appeared, the monastery was surrounded by strong walls, the structure became a powerful fort and fortified on all sides. But this did not save us from the Turkish invasion; the enemies ravaged the monastery, and some of the buildings were destroyed. The reconstruction of Pannonhalm became possible only in the eighteenth century.

Reserve (nature park) Hortobágy

This is the oldest reserve with a huge territory, in which live buffalos, rare breeds of sheep, goats, great white herons, bulls. But the most interesting thing here is not animals in the natural environment, but nomadic shepherds, practically no different from their ancestors. They perform their duties in national costumes, prepare traditional dishes and water their flocks from wells. Here you can get acquainted with the culture of Hungary, and also enjoy the natural beauty. There are excursions for tourists. Back in national park Hortobágy organizes a spectacular horse show.

Necropolis in the city of Pecs

The early Christian necropolis was at one time the center of an ancient Roman province. This place contains several burial chambers, a chapel and a mausoleum. This is the earliest Christian cemetery in Europe.

These places are distinguished by amazing architecture and historical value. The necropolis and mausoleum allow you to fully experience the spirit of antiquity and plunge into the era of early Christianity.

Lake Fertö and surroundings

The national park in northwestern Hungary consists of two large areas: the lake itself and the Hanszág region. Excursions are held in the protected area, and some are completely prohibited from visiting. The lake itself, which is included in the World Heritage List, is the fourth largest in Europe and a unique protected area. More than 300 species of birds can be observed here.

Both locals and tourists love to relax on the lake. The place is distinguished by the fact that three rivers intersect on the mineral lake. natural areas(alpine, continental and subtropical). You can improve your health here - there is a balneological hospital nearby. Also of interest to tourists is the once luxurious Esterházy Palace, where the great composer Joseph Haydn lived, and ecotourism.

Tokaj wine region

In the Tokaj Valley, which is often compared to the cradle, wine has been produced for centuries. The first evidence of this dates back to the sixteenth century. Geographical location and the special climate make it possible to grow a good harvest of selected grape varieties here. Here they are created ideal conditions for the development of noble mold. The centuries-old traditions of Tokaj are preserved to this day.

Tokaj wines are distinguished by their softness, rich golden color, and characteristic flavor bouquet. The grapes are harvested in October-November; only four varieties are used in the production of the drink: zeta, furmin, yellow muscat, lipovina. The main types of wines produced in the valley are as follows:

1. Asu. Grapes affected by noble greens are harvested only by hand, placed in special containers, where they begin to produce juice under the influence of their own weight. Juice is added to the base wine; the quality of the drink depends on the proportion.
2. Asu essence. The same asu, but aged longer.
3. Edesh is native. This wine is produced in those years when, due to weather and other conditions, it was not possible to harvest a sufficient amount of grapes affected by noble greens.
4. Saraz currant. Dry white wine.
5. Furmint. Budget white wine from local grapes.
6. Harshlevel. Also an inexpensive drink made from the “linden leaf” variety.

Of course, there are claims on wine production from Slovakia, which, by the way, are justified (after the partition of Austria-Hungary, part of the vineyards went to the country), but this does not prevent Tokaj from being classified as a World Heritage Site.

Hungarian World Heritage List:

Budapest: banks of the Danube, mountain in Buda and old town, as well as Andrássy Avenue/Andrássy út
Cultural criteria: ii, iv
Year of inscription on the World Heritage List: 1987-2002

This site includes monuments such as the ancient Roman city of Aquincum, the ancient city and the Gothic castle of Buda (Budai Vár), which had a significant influence on the architecture of various historical eras. This is one of the world's outstanding urban landscapes, illustrating significant stages in the history of the Hungarian capital.

The historical village of Hollókő and its surroundings
Cultural criteria: v
Year of inscription on the World Heritage List: 1987

The village of Holloko is a clear example of a purposefully preserved traditional settlement. It developed rapidly during the 17th-18th centuries. The village well illustrates the features of rural life before the agrarian revolution of the 20th century.

Aggtelek Cave System - Slovak Karst
Natural criteria: i
Year of inscription on the World Heritage List: 1995, 2000

District karst caves(of which 712 have been discovered to date) is distinguished by the variety of karst manifestations and their high concentration in a very limited area. The combination of natural factors (climatic, geological) that led to the formation of the cave system is recognized as unique. The study of caves allows us to imagine geological events spanning tens of millions of years.

Thousand-year-old Benedictine monastery in Pannonhalmi (Pannonhalmi Főapátság) and its surroundings
Cultural criteria: iv, vi
Year of inscription on the World Heritage List: 1996

Benedictine monks settled here in 996. They came to baptize Hungarians, founded the first school in this country and wrote the first documents in Hungarian in 1055. Since its founding, this monastic community has spread culture in the center of Europe. Its thousand-year history is illustrated by the successive changes in architectural styles of the monastery buildings (the oldest of them dates back to 1224), where a school and a monastic community are located today.

Hortobágyi National Park (Hortobágyi Nemzeti Park)
Cultural criteria: iv, v
Year of inscription on the World Heritage List: 1999

The cultural landscape of the Hortobágy Desert (Puszta) is a vast steppe plain and riverine wetlands in eastern Hungary. Traditional land use practices, such as pastoralism, have persisted in this rural community for over two millennia.

Ancient Christian burial in the city of Pécs/Ókeresztény Sírok (ancient Roman Sopiana)
Cultural criteria: iii, iv
Year of inscription on the World Heritage List: 2000

In the 4th century. In the cemetery of the ancient Roman center of the province, the city of Sopiana (modern Pecs), several richly decorated tombs were built. Underground crypts and above-ground memorial chapels stand out in construction, technical and architectural terms. The tombs also have artistic significance, as they are richly decorated with magnificent wall paintings on Christian themes.

Fertö Cultural Landscape - Neusiedler See
Cultural criteria: v
Year of inscription on the World Heritage List: 2001

The lake region of Fertő tó - Neusiedler See has been a place of contact between different cultures for 8 thousand years. This is clearly manifested in the diversity of the local landscape, formed as a result of long-term interaction between man and nature. The cultural significance of the area is enhanced by the remarkable rural architecture of the villages located around the lake and the presence of several palaces from the 18th and 19th centuries.

Historical cultural landscape of the Tokaj wine region
Cultural criteria: iii, v
Year of inscription on the World Heritage List: 2002

The cultural landscape of Tokaj provides clear evidence of the long tradition of winemaking in this area with low hills and riverside villages. An intricate network of vineyards, farms, villages and small towns, together with the historical systems of deep wine cellars, illustrates all aspects of the production of the famous Tokaj wines, which have been strictly observed for almost three centuries.