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Water passenger transport. What is the transport

URBAN ENVIRONMENT

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I.V. Makeev

WATER PASSENGER TRANSPORT ST. PETERSBURG. IN SEARCH OF GROWTH POINTS

A comprehensive analysis of the current state of water passenger transport in St. Petersburg is presented in order to identify new points of growth. Based on the application of statistical methods, problem situations were identified that have an inhibitory effect on shipowners: the problem of water use, insufficient development of infrastructure, planned work to clear bottom sediments, etc. The article maps all waterways, divided into four categories, and their analysis is presented. The author also identified the reasons for the experienced "boom" in this industry: from an increase in domestic tourism to changes in legislation. The practical significance of the presented approaches is due to the development of recommendations for the further development of water tourism in St. Petersburg.

Keywords:

association of shipowners of the city, waterways of St. Petersburg, urban water transport, canals, passenger transportation, rivers.

Makeev I.V. Water passenger transport of St. Petersburg. In search of points of growth // Society. Wednesday. Development. - 2018, No. 1. - S. 152-157.

© Makeev Ivan Vladimirovich - post-graduate student, Russian State Pedagogical University named after V.I. A.I. Herzen; General Director, Odyssey Shipping Company, St. Petersburg; e-mail: [email protected]

It is an indisputable fact that St. Petersburg is the center international tourism. By the number of individual tourists, the city currently ranks first in the country. So, if Moscow "passes" through itself about 15% of the total number of tourists, then the share of the tourist flow received by St. Petersburg in 2017 exceeded 50%. And the number of people employed in the tourism sector is already more than two hundred thousand people. At a meeting of the city government, a special program was developed for the development of tourism for the next 5 years, until 2023, where it was decided to increase the share in the gross regional product from 1 to 6%.

It is known that the most prestigious award in the field of world tourism is the World Travel Awards, which since 1993 has been awarded by tourists, experts and leaders in this industry. In 2017, our city received awards in two categories at once: "The world's leading tourist destination", as well as the "World's Leading Urban Destination" The most important factors

The criteria for identifying the city of the winner were the following reasons: the safety of the city for tourists, the developed urban infrastructure, the hotel network of the tourist destination. One of the problematic situations on the eve of the world's largest sports forum - the IEA-2018 World Cup - is the integrated development of all types of urban transport: land, underground and water, where safety and comfort for passengers are unconditional priorities, especially in summer, when the city literally crowded with tourists from all over the world. The annual tourist flow shows stable growth. In 2016 Northern Capital about 6.9 million people visited, which is 0.4 million more than in 2015. About 2.9 million citizens of other states passed through customs checkpoints in the offices of the Northwestern Federal District.

St. Petersburg is a special city, which is the undisputed leader in

authorities of inbound and domestic tourism in Russian Federation. The development of urban water transport is a strategic priority that requires painstaking analysis and interaction between federal and regional authorities, as well as representatives of this traditional service market for the city on the Neva. Along with the increase in the number of guests of our city, the indicators of passengers transported by urban water transport are also growing. From 2008 to 2016, the number of tourists visiting St. Petersburg increased by 43.8%, and the number of passengers transported annually on intracity routes increased by 38.9%. It is worth recognizing that, according to unofficial data, much more passengers are transported per year, just not all trips are carried out through fiscal documents (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Dynamics of growth in St. Petersburg tourism and passenger traffic on intracity water transport routes in 2008-2016 Compiled according to the St. Petersburg state institution "Agency for External Transport".

Currently, about 50 shipping companies operate in St. Petersburg, providing excursion services on rivers and canals. Of these, about 75% of passenger traffic is carried out by 12 companies that are members of the Association of Passenger Ship Owners. Boat routes with stops are gaining more and more popularity, where, with a pre-purchased ticket, you can get on board or get off at any stop, while the route is circular. It should be recognized that it is precisely such routes that are the future, in this way the movement of water passenger transport is organized in the cities of Europe, where there is much more experience in organizing sightseeing and pleasure navigation. Perhaps good will is needed in the matter of expanding the largest association of shipowners in the city, for discussion

issues of interaction between business and government. Thus, in the historical center of the city you can get a number of well-established, popular circular routes with a high level of integrated security; such plans can be realized only within the framework of the association. Thanks to the collective work, it was possible to “save” the drawing of bridges on the Neva for domestic and foreign tourists, which the officials wanted to cancel for viewing from the board of the excursion ship, due to unfinished safety requirements. The most pressing issues for most shipowners are the following problematic situations:

For more than 10 years, there has been a problem of water use, in which the use of surface water bodies or their parts falls on shipping companies. In 2016, at a meeting of the State Council, the president gave an instruction by 03/01/2017 to cancel such agreements for passenger water transport altogether, but this process, unfortunately, has not been completed by 2018.

Starting in 2016, the Federal Antimonopoly Service issued a decree that obliges ships operating intracity sightseeing and tourist routes, even slightly out of sea waters(because otherwise, due to geography, it is not possible to pass from the Neva River Delta) pay fees to FSUE “Rosmorport”. Previously, such deductions were not made. Thus, instead of the government's course to support small businesses, new fees have been introduced.

At the moment, there are only two specialized berths in St. Petersburg for the collection of household waste, including fecal water. These sites are located at a reasonable distance from historical center- the main navigation area for water excursion transport (the first one is near the River Station, which is very far away, and on the Makarov Embankment behind the Tuchkov Bridge, which is overloaded). The lack of this kind of infrastructure provokes unscrupulous navigators to unauthorized dumping of waste into the Neva and the Gulf of Finland, which, of course, adversely affects the environment and the sanitary situation on rivers and canals.

In 2016, the planned work to clear the bottom sediments of the Moika River in the area of the “colored” bridges made it impossible to carry out excursions during almost the entire navigation.

onnoy activities, blocking the riverbed during daylight hours. The presented process was extremely extended, since only one dredger was involved in its implementation, due to the lack of funds allocated by the city. It is logical to assume that two dredgers would have coped twice as fast with clearing the Moika River, which was last cleaned 60 years ago.

As can be seen from Table. 1, for two years of tracking the statistics of passenger transportation by water transport, passenger traffic increased by almost 25%. At the same time, it should be noted that this sample does not include transport companies in the shadow sector that are not members of the association. According to unofficial data, this is still about 600,000 "unaccounted" passengers for the year, where, however, there is also an increase in passenger traffic of about 20%. At the same time, most transportation is carried out along the rivers and canals of the city, where the heaviest traffic is observed during the peak load of the high season.

In 2016, about 1.5 million people were transported on sightseeing and walking routes, which is 59% of the total passenger traffic on water transport routes in St. Petersburg. Thus, we can say that the industry is experiencing a "real boom" and this is due to several factors at once:

Increasing the volume of domestic tourism. For economic reasons, citizens of the Russian Federation choose St. Petersburg, preferring Europe and traditional beach holidays.

Increasing the volume of inbound tourism. In St. Petersburg, due to the change in the exchange rate in favor of the euro and the dollar, the flow of foreign tourists has significantly increased.

Changes in legislation in terms of simplifying the procedure for obtaining a license for passenger transportation by water, including using small boats, which was not the case before.

A significant increase in the number of vessels for passenger traffic. For 10 years the number of courts has increased by 3 times. It became possible to use ships or spare parts for them of foreign release, not produced according to the standards allowed

Table 1

Dynamics of the volume of passenger transportation by water transport in St. Petersburg in 2014-2016, pers.

Year On the high-speed fleet On the river. Neva and the Gulf of Finland Through city channels Total Change in total passenger traffic compared to last year %

2014 401 176 267 531 703 591 1 372 298 -

2015 476 773 299 797 780 607 1 557 177 13,47

2016 549 035 310 468 848 759 1 708 262 9,7

botanical back in Soviet times. There is a development and construction of passenger ships of new projects.

Speaking about the development of public water transport in St. Petersburg, a comparative analysis suggests itself with Venice, where water transport occupies a dominant position. Passenger traffic of water buses "Vaporetto" (literally "ferry") reaches a whopping number of 200 million passengers a year, comparable to underground transport. For comparison: the busiest line of the St. Petersburg metro Moskovsko-Petrogradskaya transports about 250 million passengers a year. Public (linear) water transport in Northern Venice began to appear about 10 years ago and occupies a small market share, although the Venetian water bus was launched in 1881, and since 1978 it has been operated by a state-owned monopoly company. It is more typical for the city on the Neva to rent pleasure boats for events - weddings and school proms, or for group excursions with a guide. Due to the high cost of the service and seasonality, small-sized water transport in St. Petersburg cannot perform the functions of a taxi, as in Venice, while residents and guests of Venice simply have no choice. The congestion of the canals with a small fleet of gondolas in Venice is solved by limiting the number of licenses issued to operate these classic rowing boats. In total, there can be no more than 425 gondoliers, while they are required to work in different shifts: day and night no more than 12 hours. By such measures, the authorities wanted to achieve not only the ability to unload the narrow Venetian canals from the clumsy (11 meters long and 1.4 meters wide) wooden gondolas, but also to “protect” them in this way. The inhabitants of the city themselves asked to include this most important historical symbol of Venice in the list of UNESCO cultural heritage sites. The craft of their manufacture passed from father to son, many

For hundreds of years, the standards and materials of their construction have remained unchanged, recently they began to be created from plastic, and not according to old technologies, which was outraged by the inhabitants of the city with centuries-old traditions.

In St. Petersburg, with the rapid growth in the number of small boats and in the face of a sharp shortage of water space, this would not have been possible. We do not have such traditions and continuity; among the many shipping companies in St. Petersburg, all of them are initially in different “weight categories” due to different duration of presence on the market. Private shipbuilding in Russia is a very costly project that allows you to "return" investments, sometimes only after 10 years. If we keep the number of small vessels now, this would not allow new shipping companies with modern modernized ships to appear on the market, which means that competition would disappear, the quality of services would decrease, and fleet modernization would slow down. And this is one of the most important conditions for the development of urban shipping.

One of the sensitive problems on the rivers and canals of the historical center remains the safety of navigation and navigation in a narrow space, limited by granite embankments and low spans of vaulted bridges. The installation of traffic lights on the spans of bridges did not lead to the desired effect of eliminating water congestion, since it was not possible to predict where the ship was moving from - downstream or upstream. Everywhere on ships under the technical control of the Russian River Register of Shipping, the AIS surveillance system and the GLONASS satellite navigation system were introduced to prevent ships from entering prohibited areas at the wrong time. Negotiations via walkie-talkies are recorded in case of emergency situations, and they are now the most effective for eliminating possible accidents on the water. In a closed system, shipmasters have been working for years, they constantly monitor the water level and are well aware of the dimensions of their own and “neighboring” ships in order to agree on the radio station who lets pass whom and which sides are convenient to disperse. Everyone knows each other literally by their first names or their call signs, which are the names of ships. Vessels that go downstream are given priority by default.

Based on global trends and forecasts for the development of foreign small-scale

of the fleet in St. Petersburg, for the period up to 2025, it is possible to predict an annual increase in the number of ships in St. Petersburg within up to 5%. While maintaining such a positive dynamics of growth in passenger traffic and an increase in units of sightseeing water transport, a real shortage of water space is outlined in the historical part of St. Petersburg. So, already in 2020, traffic along the circular route "Fontanka River - Kryukov Canal - Moika River - Winter Canal - Neva River - Fontanka River" will be significantly difficult. The route, which previously took 60-70 minutes, will take 90-100 minutes even on weekdays. And in 2025, on separate turning and cross sections of internal waterways forced stops in traffic jams will reach 20-25 minutes to allow oncoming caravans of ships to pass. In this state of affairs, forecasting and finding a way out of this situation is extremely important. Practice has shown that in the conditions of a closed space of canals, the installation of traffic lights on bridge clearances does not work, but only slows down traffic. In 2013, such a traffic light system was introduced in test mode, and then it was eliminated at the end of navigation. The decision to separate routes seems to be quite simple. In other words, some of the ships based on the Neva can be launched exclusively along the front part of the Neva, and ships that start the route in the canals can be closed without entering the Neva. Such a kind of “synchronization”, of course, will allow for some time to unload small rivers and canals, but from the point of view of the quality of services provided, this will be difficult to justify. As a rule, most consumers want to see both the front Neva and small rivers and canals, and few people want to buy a ticket twice. Therefore, more radical ways of solving this problem arise.

The fact is that inland rivers and canals from the Neva to this moment passenger ships can get in only one way - through the Prachechny Bridge on the Fontanka River. The exit from the canals is carried out in two ways through the Winter Canal, as well as through the Fontanka River, through the same Prachechny Bridge. And if within the system of small rivers 150-200 ships simultaneously go in different directions, which, due to their dimensions, cannot disperse under vaulted bridges, then due to limited communication with the main water artery of the city of Neva, a transport

collapse, which is no longer uncommon even now, not only on weekends or holidays, but also on days with sunny weather.

Administratively, all waterways of St. Petersburg can be divided into three categories, where different rules and laws apply (Fig. 2):

1. Internal maritime waters, including water areas of seaports. In St. Petersburg, all the waters west of the Blagoveshchensky bridge, Tuchkov bridge and west of the Krestovsky and Elagin islands can be attributed to them.

2. Inland waterways of the Russian Federation. This includes the Neva River and its branches east of the Blagoveshchensky and Tuchkov bridges throughout the city limits.

3. Inland waterways of the city of St. Petersburg. These are almost all small rivers and canals of the city, starting from the Karpovka River in the north, and ending with the Obvodny Canal on the southern border of the historical building.

4. A section of the Bolshaya Neva with a length of 1350 meters, related to inland sea routes, necessary to expand the zone of movement of sightseeing and pleasure boats.

All these waterways interact with each other and have different administrative

rational submission. Now passenger, sightseeing ships cannot enter the west of the Blagoveshchensky Bridge, since there is already a zone of the Big Port of St. Petersburg, special port services work there, cargo ships stand in the roadstead, large ferries moor. And for a long time this state of affairs was absolutely justified. But the hydrographic network of the city is practically static, and the needs of urban sightseeing transport are changing, and especially rapidly in recent times.

The Moika River flows into the Bolshaya Neva just between Novo-Admiralteysky Island in the north and Matisov Island in the south. And theoretically, this is another missing exit or entrance to the Neva, which over time will be required to unload small rivers and canals. The Novo-Admiralteisky Canal located nearby can serve as an additional exit to the Neva for small boats, and the Moika River, according to its characteristics in this area, is perfect for entering and exiting single-deck vessels of any type. Due to the overhaul of the Tuchkov bridge on the Malaya Neva in 2015-2016. an exception had already been made, and double-deck as well as high-speed passenger ships were allowed to

Rice. 2. Waterways of the city of St. Petersburg. 1 - internal sea waters. 2 - inland waterways of the Russian Federation. 3 - inland waterways of the city of St. Petersburg. 4 - section of the Bolshaya Neva, related to inland sea routes.

south of Vasilyevsky Island to the Gulf of Finland in directions to Petrodvorets and Kronstadt. In the foreseeable future, the need to open a segment of the Bolshaya Neva from the Mining Institute to the Blagoveshchensky Bridge looks more than justified. A joint search for a compromise is needed for the entire water transport of the city. If only in the daytime to open a section of the Big Neva with a length of only 1350 meters, then this, of course, will help relieve small rivers and canals by 40%. Thus, the necessary berthing infrastructure will appear in this part of the Moika, new interesting routes will appear, with a transfer hub in the New Holland Island cluster, which was originally conceived for the needs of the fleet. There will be an integration of urban water transport. This will give a real impetus to the development of this historical part of the city, located on the periphery and away from metro stations and highways. public transport. We have to admit that the ceremonial ensembles of the English Embankment and the Lieutenant Schmidt Embankment from the water are also very interesting for guests and residents of our city.

The status of the customs inspection zone for ferry ships mooring in this section of the water area, of course, is difficult in terms of changing legislation. The process of bureaucratic changes and approvals can drag on for more than one year, the more important it is to start the analysis

the current situation together with the authorities before. Recognizing the importance of St. Petersburg as the largest transport and transit hub for freight transport, which, before the bridges are drawn, begins to queue up for further movement towards Lake Ladoga, you can limit access to the Bolshaya Neva, say, until midnight. Thus, it is possible to exclude various emergency situations in matters of safety of navigation and transportation of passengers, since we know that barges and bulk carriers can only pass at night, when the bridges are already drawn, and the pleasure and excursion fleet is absent in Bolshaya Neva according to the rules of navigation at night.

Water sightseeing and pleasure transportation is an integral part of the culture of the city, which was conceived as the sea capital of Russia. Not without reason, almost every third guest of our city uses the opportunity to see Northern Venice from the board of the ship or boat. Water tourism continues its development at the intersection of various industries, taking on the challenges of the new time. Decisions on the development of passenger navigation in the historical part of the city are possible only in conditions of deep interaction between interested departments and participants in the transportation market to develop measures aimed at developing the waterways of St. Petersburg that are not used for various reasons.

Bibliography:

External Transport Agency. - Internet resource. Access mode: http://avt.kt.gov.spb.ru/

Andrey Mushkarev: about the development of tourism in 2018 // Official city tourism portal of St. Petersburg Visit Petersburg. - Internet resource. Access mode: http://www.visit-petersburg. ru/ru/news/1627/

Association of Owners of Passenger Ships of St. Petersburg. - Internet resource. Access-mode: http://www.avps.ru/

Gladky Yu.N., Makeev I.V. Pollution of the rivers and canals of St. Petersburg as a limiting factor in the development of water transport // Geology and civilization: Geology at school and university. - St. Petersburg: publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University im. A.I. Herzen, 2016. - S. 228-230.

Zubarev E.V., Fedorova M.M. River passenger transport in the sea capital: current state and development prospects // Transport of the Russian Federation. - 2009, No. 1 (20). - S. 66-68.

Makeev I.V. On the "lack" of water space for the development of tourism in St. Petersburg // Geography of the development of science and education. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University im. A.I. Herzen, 2016. -S. 141-145.

Makeev I.V. On the development of water tourism in St. Petersburg // Geography of the development of science and education. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University im. A.I. Herzen, 2016. - S. 138-141.

Makeev I.V. St. Petersburg as one of the centers for the development of river transport in Russia // Natural and cultural heritage: interdisciplinary research, conservation and development. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University im. A.I. Herzen, 2016. - S. 519-521.

St. Petersburg - best city Europe! // Official city tourist portal of St. Petersburg Visit Petersburg. - Internet resource. Access mode: http://www.visit-petersburg.ru/ru/news/1396/

Statistics. Development of the tourist market // Official website of the administration of St. Petersburg. - Internet resource. Access mode: http://gov.spb.ru/gov/otrasl/c_tourism/statistic/

1. Complete the tasks.

1) Mark (fill the circle) with different colors for land, water, air and underground transport on p. 74-75.

2) Mark on the same pages passenger, freight and special transport with the first letters of these words (write the letter in the box).
Within this framework, decipher the symbols, that is, show what color or letter each mode of transport is designated.

2. Give examples of transport that is at the same time:

a) ground, passenger, personal: a car;

b) ground, passenger, public: bus, passenger train, tram, trolleybus;

c) water, passenger, personal: boat, boat, jet ski;

d) water, passenger, public: ship, river tram.

3. Write down the phone numbers that are called:

a) firefighters 01

b) the police 02

c) "Ambulance" - 03

Write down the single emergency telephone number:112

4. Compare the dimensions of the vehicles shown in the figure. In the red squares, number them in order of increasing size, and in the blue squares - in order of decreasing size. Ask your desk mate to check you out.

5. Make and write down the general plan of the story about the history of various modes of transport.

1) Transport in antiquity.
2) The invention of the steam engine.
3) The appearance of transport on the internal combustion engine.
4) The emergence of aviation.
5) Flights into space.
6) Electric motors are the future of transport.

History of different modes of transport

In ancient times, people also used various modes of transport. Most of them are still in use today. For example, even now you can see a horse pulling a cart, and wooden boats, hollowed out of tree trunks, participate in sports competitions. People also traveled and transported goods on dogs, camels, elephants, donkeys and other domestic animals.

In the 19th century, an event occurred that dramatically changed transport - the steam engine invented in the 17th century began to be used in transport. So in 1801, the first steam locomotive in history was built and several steam-powered carts were built. It was also around this time that the first steamboat was built.

At the end of the 19th century, a more advanced engine was invented - the internal combustion engine. In 1885 the first motorcycle was built, and in 1886 the first automobile. A little later, more advanced motor ships, compared to steamships, began to be mass-produced. A few decades later, diesel locomotives also went on the railways.

In the 20th century, the development of transport went by leaps and bounds. In 1903, the Wright brothers first flew an airplane. Airplanes have improved rapidly. A variety of types of air transport began to appear: sports, passenger, cargo, military. The engines that powered the planes also quickly became more powerful. Airplanes now fly on jet engines, some of which are capable of breaking the speed of light.

On April 12, 1961, the greatest event took place - the first manned flight into space. Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on the Vostok spacecraft made one revolution around the earth and landed safely. This event was the beginning of the era of space transport.

Now, at the beginning of the 21st century, mankind uses a variety of modes of transport, powered by various engines. The speed of their movement, ease of use and environmental friendliness (safety for nature) are increasing. By the way, special attention is now being paid to the environmental safety of transport. That is why now on the streets of cities trolleybuses and trams are considered the best transport, in railway transport electric locomotives and electric trains are used, and as personal transport more and more electric vehicles.

6. Our cheerful Parrot invites you to color the balloon so that it becomes beautiful and cheerful. You can hold a competition in the class for the funniest balloon.
Have you ever seen real balloons? If yes, tell us about your impressions. In the frame on the right you can paste a photo of a hot air balloon.

Maritime transport is important primarily because it provides a significant part of Russia's foreign trade relations. Domestic transportation (cabotage) is essential only for supplying the northern and eastern coasts of the country. The share of maritime transport in cargo turnover is 8%, although the mass of transported goods is less than 1% of the total. This ratio is achieved through the longest average transportation distance is about 4.5 thousand km. Passenger transportation by sea is negligible.

On a global scale maritime transport ranks first in terms of cargo turnover, standing out for the minimum transport of goods. In Russia, it is relatively underdeveloped, since the main economic centers of the country are far from sea coasts. In addition, most of the seas surrounding the country's territory are freezing, which increases the cost of using maritime transport. A serious problem is country's outdated navy. Most of the ships were built over 20 years ago and should be scrapped by world standards. There are practically no ships of modern types: gas carriers, lighter carriers, container carriers, ships with horizontal loading and unloading, etc. There are only 11 large seaports on the territory of Russia, which is not enough for a country of such magnitude. About half of the Russian cargoes going by sea are served by the ports of other states. These are mainly the ports of the former Soviet republics: Odessa (Ukraine), Ventspils (Latvia), Tallinn (Estonia), Klaipeda (Lithuania). The use of seaports of other states leads to financial losses. To solve this problem, new ports are being built on the coasts of the Baltic and Black Seas.

The leading sea basin in Russia in terms of cargo turnover is currently the Far East. Its main ports are rarely frozen Vladivostok and Nakhodka. Near Nakhodka, a modern port Vostochny was built with terminals for the export of coal and timber. The port of Vanino, located on the final section of the Baikal-Amur Railway, is also of great importance. A ferry operates in this port, connecting the railway network of mainland Russia with the network of Sakhalin Island (the port of Kholmsk).

In second place in terms of cargo turnover is the Northern Basin. The main ports in it are: Murmansk (non-freezing, although located beyond the Arctic Circle) and Arkhangelsk (timber export, both sea and river). Large ports also operate at the mouth of the Yenisei. These are Dudinka, through which ore concentrates are exported from Norilsk, and Igarka, through which timber and forest products are transported. The section of the Northern Sea Route between the mouth of the Yenisei and Murmansk is open all year round, which is ensured by the use of powerful icebreakers, including nuclear ones. Navigation east of the mouth of the Yenisei is carried out only 2-3 months in the summer

The third largest is the Baltic basin. The main ports in it are St. Petersburg (freezing) and Kaliningrad (non-freezing). The use of the convenient port of Kaliningrad is difficult, as it is separated from the main part of Russia by territories foreign countries. Near St. Petersburg there is a small port of Vyborg, through which mainly timber cargoes go. The ports of Ust-Luga and Primorsk are under construction.

In fourth place in terms of cargo turnover is the Cheriosea-Azov basin. Two non-freezing oil export ports are located here - Novorossiysk (the most powerful in Russia) and Tuapse. Maritime transport also includes transportation in the Caspian Sea. The largest here are the ports of Astrakhan (both sea and river) and Makhachkala, through which mainly oil cargoes go.

River transport

River transport (or inland waterways) was the main one in Russia until the end of the 19th century. At present, its significance is small - about 2% of cargo turnover and the mass of transported goods. Although this is a cheap mode of transport, it has serious disadvantages. The main one is that the directions of river flow often do not coincide with the directions of cargo transportation. Expensive canals have to be built to connect neighboring river basins. On the territory of Russia, river transport is a seasonal mode of transport, since the rivers freeze for several months a year. The total length of navigable river routes in Russia is 85 thousand km. 3/4 of the goods currently transported by river transport in Russia are mineral building materials. Passenger transportation by river transport is insignificant, as well as by sea.

More than half of the cargo turnover of the country's river transport falls on the Volga-Kama basin. It is connected by canals with neighboring basins (Don, Neva, Northern Dvina, White Sea), being the basis of the Unified deep-water system of the European part of the country. The largest river ports are also located here: Nizhny Novgorod, Northern, Southern and Western in Moscow, Kazan, Samara, Volgograd, Astrakhan. The second place in terms of cargo turnover is occupied by the West Siberian basin, which includes the Ob with tributaries. In it, in addition to building materials, a significant share in transportation is oil cargo. The main ports are Novosibirsk, Tobolsk, Surgut, Labytnangi, Tyumen. The third in Russia is the basin of the Northern Dvina with tributaries of the Sukhona and Vychegda. In it, a significant share in transportation is timber cargo. The main ports are Arkhangelsk and Kotlas.

River transport is of great importance in the northeastern part of Russia, where there are virtually no networks of other modes of transport. The main amount of cargo is delivered to these territories in the summer either from the south of the railway (via the Yenisei from Krasnoyarsk, along the Lena from Ust-Kut), or from river mouths, where cargo is delivered by sea.

Water transport is a type of transport that is used for freight and passenger transportation by waterways. These can be either natural (rivers, lakes, seas and oceans) or artificial (canals, reservoirs) waterways. The ship is used as the main transport.

The history of water transport begins with Ancient Egypt. Until the second half 19th century when the transcontinental railways, the most important mode of transport was water (both river and sea). And today, this type of transport occupies an important role: from 60 to 67% of the world cargo turnover falls on river and sea vessels.

Nautical vessel of the ancient world.

Ship device

In the classical concept, water transport is a ship, boat, yacht. But the category of ships also includes kayaks, inflatable boats, barges, catamarans, hovercraft, as well as drilling rigs, ekranoplanes, ekranoplanes, seaplanes.

For most sea and river vessels, there are a number of common structural elements:

Frame
Superstructures, cabins
Vessel power plants
Ship devices
Vessel systems and piping
Equipment and electrical equipment of premises

Part of the ship's hull

But there are also distinctive features for some categories of ships, such as ekranoplan and seaplane. For the most part, the structures are aircraft, only their hull is made according to the principle of a boat.

A ship's hull is a watertight shell that allows a ship to float on water. The tip of the body is equipped with beams, which are called stems. A stem is a beam that is installed in the bow of the ship's hull. Also, not stems, but end vertical walls can be installed at the extremities - they are equipped with towing or pusher ships. The ship's hull is usually made of steel.

Passenger ships have decks, river and mixed navigation, have one deck - the main one. Marine passenger ships are distinguished by the presence of several decks - the upper (main), middle, lower. Large passenger ships sailing on the lakes have two decks.

To make the ship unsinkable, its hull is divided by internal watertight transverse bulkheads. This results in several rooms - compartments.

Use of watercraft

River transport

Depending on the water area in which this type of transport is used, river and sea transport are distinguished.

The first type of water transport is also called IWT (inland water transport). These are vessels that carry out cargo and passenger transportation along inland waterways - rivers, canals, reservoirs, lakes.

By river transport ancient history. Also in Ancient Egypt built river ships, rowing or sailing type. Later, they used the traction of horses or people (barge haulers) who walked along the shore. In the 19th century, the first river steamboats appeared. And in 1903, the history of the ship begins - this ship was built in Russia and became part of the river fleet.

In cargo transportation, river vessels occupy an important place. Despite such shortcomings as seasonal operation and low speed (from 10 to 20 kilometers per hour), water freight transport is beneficial due to the fact that the cost of transportation is quite low. There are self-propelled vessels and barges - the second type of river vessels is not self-propelled, a tugboat is used for pushing. On self-propelled river transport, either trucks with one or another cargo or containers are transported - such vessels are called river container ships. Barges carry either liquid bulk cargo (eg petroleum products or crude oil) or bulk cargo (eg grain, coal, sand).

In passenger traffic, river vessels occupy a relatively small share. This is due to the fact that the usual speed of such transport reaches 20-30 kilometers per hour, which is why a river boat cannot compete with faster buses and trains. With the help of so-called hydrofoils and an air cushion, the speed of ships can be increased to 80 kilometers per hour. However, in this case, the cost of transportation increases significantly - due to the high fuel consumption. But recently, more and more hovercraft (Hovercraft) for transporting people began to appear on the rivers. The SVP has amphibious properties, so the vessel does not need specially equipped berths. In the spring thaw, this is the only transport capable of transporting people and goods from one coast to another.

Hovercraft SVP-50

River passenger ships are used for tourist cruises or for transporting passengers to places that are not connected by land transport.

Sea transport

Maritime transport is vessels moving across the seas, oceans and adjacent water areas, capable of maintaining buoyancy, as well as serving passengers and participating in various cargo operations.

The largest share of world freight traffic falls on maritime transport. In terms of traffic, the first place is occupied by a variety of liquid cargoes: vegetable oil, liquid products of the chemical industry, crude oil and products of its processing.

The second place in terms of cargo transportation is occupied by container transportation. Specialized ships, called container ships, have become an alternative to their predecessors - universal ships. This is due to the fact that in an ordinary container (20-foot or 40-foot) you can transport various goods - both small and large enough, like cars.

Bulk carrier

There are other types of maritime transport:

Lighter carriers
Vessels for the transport of livestock
Heavy ships
Towing vessels
Refrigerators
Bulk carriers for the transport of bulk cargoes - e.g. coal, grain, sand

Some ships move on schedule between several seaports following a certain route. These are linear ships - passenger, cargo, as well as ferries.

Other vessels are not tied to specific geographical points and transport passing and random cargo, this type of sea transport is called tramp. When carrying out tramp cargo transportation, a so-called charter contract is carried out, in which both the carrier (charterer) and the sender of the cargo participate. Trump shipping is carried out in cases where it is necessary to carry out the transportation of piece low-value cargo.

Also known is a mixed - in relation to waterways - variety of water transport. Such vessels can navigate both rivers and lakes, as well as seas and oceans.

For river transport, as well as ships plying along the Northern Sea Route, seasonality is typical. Freight transport by water transport is the cheapest, but is tied to geographical objects. In the implementation of intercontinental cargo transportation, water transport is used, because the delivery of goods by air is too expensive, and the carrying capacity of aircraft is significantly lower than that of a sea vessel.

Examples of VT and a brief description

Modern water transport can be divided into sports vessels, cargo and passenger vessels. Sports courts preserve the traditions that came from antiquity, such as kayaks, canoes, sailboats, rowing boats. Often, the manufacture of such water products is a real art; as a result of the work of masters, unique works are created. But since the beginning of the 20th century, motorized vehicles have become a mass type of water transport - steam engines have been replaced by gasoline (for motor boats) and diesel engines.
Features of VT, the main differences from other types of vehicles.

There are many types of water transport. There are small vessels (most often personal), medium and large vessels. First of all, it is worth noting personal vessels - boats, motor boats, yachts.

Blohm & Voss GOLDEN ODYSSEY II

Personal water transport is used for various purposes: fishing, tourism, recreation, various events. For recreation and tourism, such vessels as motor boats and boats are used. Fishing enthusiasts use inflatable motor boats. Yachts are used for events.

Unlike boats, whose engines are stationary, easily removable outboard gasoline engines are installed on motor boats. Also, motor boats usually have oarlocks for oars, which can be useful if for some reason the boat's engine has failed, or it is necessary to make silent (or slow) movements.

For distant hiking trips transport and tourist motor boats are used along the rivers. These ships carry both passengers and their luggage. The hulls of such motor boats are made of a light metal material - aluminum or its alloy with magnesium.

It is interesting to note that many types of motor boats are gliding type water transport - such vessels can slide on the surface of the water and in this way safely pass shallow water areas. In order for the motor power to be sufficient for the transition to planing, the motorboat must be moderately loaded.

Motor boats are used for hunting, fishing, tourism and recreation, as well as search and rescue operations. Depending on the scope of application, the dimensions of such a vessel, as well as its bypass, differ. For example, sports motor boats are small in size and weight and have a hull contour that allows you to move at high speed.

Boats were originally called light ships with one mast. Today, this is the name given to small ships equipped with a stationary engine. In the Soviet Union, a boat of the Amur type was produced for retail sale to a wide range of customers. Today, LLC Tom is engaged in the production of boats. This shipbuilding company produces both boats themselves with a light aluminum hull and trailers for transporting these vessels.

Boats are used for water walks and recreation, water tourism, fishing, hunting, as well as sporting events. In addition to a stationary motor, boats are usually equipped with jet-type propulsion. It is the jet propulsion that allows the boat to enter the planing mode and easily overcome shallow sections of the river.

Advantages and disadvantages of water transport

Cargo transportation by water transport has a number of significant advantages:

The capacity of maritime trade routes is practically unlimited.
The presence of a single legal and legal field with a 400-year history
The cost of such transportation is quite low.
High carrying capacity, thanks to which a large amount of cargo can be transported on the ship

These advantages, especially the last one, are especially important for intercontinental transportation of large quantities of cargo (for example, oil or oil products). At the same time, water transport has a number of serious drawbacks:

The ship is moving at a relatively slow speed.
It is necessary to have specially equipped port facilities
The construction of ships and ports requires serious financial costs

Motor boats are a very popular type of small water transport, due to a number of advantages:

Such small boats are cheaper than yachts and boats
Simple design
Management is simple, so that a motor boat can be driven by persons without special education
The service life is long, due to the possibility of storing the vessel on shore
speed
It is possible to ensure the safe parking of the vessel near the unprepared shore
The motorboat can be transported by car by installing it on a special trailer
Due to the fact that the engine is outboard, it is easy to remove and replace it; also, if necessary, the motor can be removed and ensured its safe storage

Also, motor boats have disadvantages:

Low payloads
Small volume of cabins (living space)
The outboard engines of these boats are uneconomical compared to stationary boat engines.

Ways of evolution of BT

First large ships built in ancient Egypt, wood was used as a structural material. On the ships, a simple sail was installed, catching a fair wind. If there was no tailwind, the rowers' power was used.

In the 15th century, large sea vessels with several sails appeared. At the beginning of the 19th century, the first steamboat was built, which was used as a river vessel. Metal - iron - began to be used as a material for the hull of such a ship. And the driving energy is steam. The next stage in the development of water technology was the discovery, made in 1876 by Nicholas Otto, of an internal combustion engine running on gasoline. It was internal combustion engines that began to appear more and more massively on boats, yachts, ferries, and ships. To date, this is the main engine, but not the only one installed on the VT. Another stage in the development of technology was the rapid development of the petrochemical industry. At the moment, many water vessels are made of plastics of polymeric materials. Firstly, plastics and polymers are lighter than metal, secondly, they are either close in strength, the same or stronger than metal alloys, and thirdly, they are corrosion resistant.

At the moment, the ekranoplan, hovercraft and planing boats are of the greatest interest from water technology. they develop the highest speeds. The ekranoplan is the fastest, it can achieve screen flight speeds of up to 700 km / h. It is also distinguished by absolute smoothness of motion and allows you to overcome small obstacles (isthmus, shallow). The only drawback is its high power-to-weight ratio for transferring the machine and maintaining it in screen flight mode, which leads to high fuel consumption. The hovercraft and the boat have a lower speed, up to about 150 km / h, the smoothness of the VSP is also at the level of the ekranoplan, but the smoothness of the boat suffers, but the SVP and the boat spend much less fuel compared to the ekranoplan.

At the moment, the crown of technical thought is the ekranoplan. With the development of new materials, and an increase in the efficiency of power units, ekranoplans may well replace private passenger air transportation. And in the future to become private means for long-distance transportation and world travel, pushing yachts and cars.

The director of the Moscow River Shipping Company told The Village about the development of water transport as an alternative to the metro, about how yachts are becoming more affordable and about the new route from Bolotnaya.

Olga Zhurkova April 28, 2012
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On April 20, the passenger navigation season opened in Moscow for the 79th time. I talked to Konstantin Anisimov, General Director of the Moscow River Shipping Company, about whether it is possible to overcome the problems of traffic jams in Moscow with the help of river boats, about boats with flashing lights and about a new route for Bolotnaya The Village.

TRAFFIC PROBLEM

Nevertheless, this year we will launch two transport routes at once. One in the Crocus Expo area, next to the Myakinino metro station. There, the residential quarter is located on one side of the Moskva River, and the metro station is on the other. There is no bridge yet, the detour takes time. This is where river transport is needed and, I think, will be in demand. We also decided to conduct an experiment and open one route of the water metro on the high-speed motor ship "Rocket": from the pier "Pechatniki" to the Ustinsky bridge on Kitay-gorod. For now, we will launch two or three morning and evening flights. It will take just 20 minutes to get from Pechatniki. "Rocket" speeds up to 60 km / h - this is a very noticeable speed on the water, passengers will ride like a breeze.

In this experimental mode, we plan to evaluate all the risks and prospects, as well as the commercial side of the issue. Now we will set the price at 30-50 rubles, this is about the same price that was discussed in the mayor's office. In general, we would like to participate in a state competition, if such a competition is announced, we have ready-made transport, a route, and experience. In general, it seems to me that by developing this direction further, we will not fail: the city has long needed alternative transport routes, at least for the summer.

ABOUT DISCOS ON THE WATER
AND THE ROUTE FOR THE SWAMP

The Moskva River does not remain in ruins: type “rest on the river” on the Internet - there will be a lot of offers. There are restaurants on the water, discos on the water, just walks. II understand perfectly well that many do not like the music that is heard from the decks, but this is a matter of taste. Moreover, according to my observations, the temperature on the ship is higher than on the shore, people drink more and relax more. But we have a marketing department, they try to come up with some new offers, jazz cruises for example.It’s hard to come up with new routes: you can’t turn back the rivers, all routes were mostly invented in the 50s. But last year we launched a new walk from the pier on Bolotnaya Square with access to the Moscow River near the Cathedral of Christ the Savior.

For navigation in 2012, they plan to transport
800 thousand passengers on the pleasure navy and
near 35 thousand people on the cruise

The ship passes by the Kremlin, leaves for the Old Zamoskvorechye and returns to the Luzhkov Bridge. There, as you know, there are very low bridges, and our usual ship will not pass along this route. But recently we presented a new class motor ship "Stolichny" - a low vessel with a glass retractable roof, such a convertible on the water, capable of passing under the bridges of the Obvodny Canal. It offers a beautiful panorama.
By the way, last year the route was not very popular. But now that Bolotnaya Square has become a symbolic place in Moscow, we hope that the demand for our walk will increase.

ABOUT TOURISTS

Moscow is not a very touristy city. The last four years there has been a drop in the tourist flow. At the same time, in recent years, hotels have been demolished in the capital - in general, they did a lot to ensure that no one came here. Now this trend seems to have reversed, and the situation must change. If you look at Paris, there are a lot of heat boats on the Seine, and they are packed full of people, but 90% are foreigners or French who came to Paris to get to know the capital.

Pool area 17,600 square kilometers.

Water is primarily a tourist product.All our new ships are equipped with simultaneous translation into many languages and have an excursion program. Cruises from Moscow to St. Petersburg are very popular among tourists.Two ships are insured by foreign companies, there are VIP cabins, satellite TV, Wi-Fi.

This year we launched a medical cruise, or rather, a dietary one. The whole menu is painted there by day, tourists are accompanied by nutritionists. There are ethnographic cruises - this applies to more routes along the Volga. Many nationalities live there: Tatars, Chuvashs, Mordovians. Tell about their history, life.

ABOUT BOATS WITH FLASHING LIGHTS

Young, rich ... But after all, several people die in cars every day, compared to this, one or two incidents on the water per navigation - this cannot be avoided. Moreover, just in the last year there have been fewer such cases, there was a fierce struggle with this. Fifteen years ago, drunk people on jet skis in beach areas simply drove over the heads of vacationers, many people died - they simply didn’t write about it very much, but now every case is resonant. And the state inspectorate for small boats - it is part of the Ministry of Emergency Situations - carefully monitors the whole situation: they have their own boats, they have more or less put things in order, there is no more such impudence.

ABOUT YACHTS FOR THE MIDDLE CLASS

I am absolutely confident in the socialization of yachting. Naturally, until now, the main number of yacht clubs concentrated in the Moscow region is an expensive pleasure. Some of these clubs are owned by private cottage settlements, where the yacht club is a means of increasing capitalization. And yet, according to statistics, the vast majority of yachts are scattered around various boat parking lots, people take yachts home, put them in garages or on closed waters where there is no navigation. This suggests that yachting is becoming interesting not only for very rich people. It is the middle, affordable segment that is developing: the number of millionth yachts is decreasing, they are leaving Russia abroad, 7- and 10-meter yachts are appearing, the cost of which ranges from one hundred thousand to several million rubles.

ABOUT PRIVATE BOAT IN EUROPE

In Europe, yachting is a common thing. France, the Netherlands, Belgium are literally cut up by small rivers and canals, small ships (up to 20 meters) go through them. Everyone can take the helm - just show your passport and leave a deposit. Of course, we are very far from these countries, primarily in terms of the level of infrastructure: gas stations, boat stations, services - we do not have all this. At the same time, the problem is that in Russia the rivers are much deeper and wider, large-scale shipping is developed, and it is much more dangerous to maneuver on a small yacht through such reservoirs. Therefore, in Russia, to stand at the helm, you need special rights. And not everywhere you will be given a yacht for rent, for example, we release yachts only with our own crew.