Life on lighthouses. Classification of seaports and their main elements Marine radio beacons

LIGHTHOUSE
a tower-like structure located in or on land near navigable waters. It serves as a visible landmark during the day and emits a continuous light or flashes of light at night to warn sailors of hazards and assist them in determining the ship's safe course. Identification of each beacon, including the coordinates of its location, is very important. Lighthouses are identified by the characteristic outline of the tower (during the day) and by distinctive changes in the brightness of the light, its color, the nature of the light pulses of the lighthouse lights, etc. (at night). Thanks to development in the first half of the 20th century. additional navigational safety aids, lighthouses are now often equipped with other important signaling equipment. This includes audible alarms activated in poor visibility conditions and radio beacons. The latter, with a large range (300 km or more), often operate according to a set schedule in clear weather, and are also activated additionally during fog, smoke or snowfall. Lighthouses are also equipped with radar stations to assist in navigation near their location or long-range radio navigation systems (such as "Loran") for the purpose of guiding ships on the high seas. The Loran system has a range of 2100 km. By the nature of the functions they perform, lighthouses are closely related to a variety of floating auxiliary navigational aids, which have become an important element of the safety of ships and the control of their movement. Although the term "beacon" is usually associated with ship traffic control, these structures are often used for air traffic control, especially when radio technology is used. Structures located primarily away from water and along established air routes to guide aircraft are often called aviation beacons due to their close resemblance to their earlier variety. The most famous of the lighthouses of antiquity - Alexandria, or Pharos - was built in 283-247 BC. on the island of Pharos near the Egyptian city of Alexandria. Lighthouses are conventionally divided into large and small, and those, in turn, into those located on the shore or at sea. Large beacons are tall towers, produce high-power light and often have additional warning devices such as radio beacons and sound devices. Large coastal lighthouses usually have maintenance personnel present at all times. Small lighthouses play a secondary role, most often operate in automatic mode without the constant presence of personnel and are located along internal or other nearby waterways in navigable waters or on the coast between large lighthouses. Important means of warning about navigational hazards should be constructed close to dangerous place or right above it. In such cases, a stationary tower-type structure may be impractical, so floating buoys or buoys are used for small danger areas, or anchored beacons with signal lights for large danger areas. Large lightships usually have a crew present at all times; They are expensive to build and operate, but they can be equipped with the same powerful signaling means as large land-based beacons, and therefore their installation in critical locations with intense shipping traffic is justified. Where conditions allow, instead of floating lighthouses, stationary lighthouses are installed, fixed to the seabed. When designing and constructing underwater supports, the effects of tides, underwater currents, sea salts, ice and possible bottom erosion should be taken into account. Since structures built at sea are exposed to more natural forces than anywhere else, special care must be taken in the design and construction of such structures. A common problem for all structures built on the high seas is corrosion of metals. This problem is exacerbated in tropical climates. The materials for lighthouse towers can be stone, concrete, brick, cast iron, high-quality steel, wood, and even ordinary steel when corrosion is not too severe, as on freshwater lakes. Brickwork and granite are preferred as building materials for the construction of important lighthouses. Bronze, which is resistant to corrosion, was widely used for the manufacture of the light chamber and fittings. However, today aluminum is used instead of bronze. On light underwater soils, a caisson-type structure is used to construct the lighthouse foundation, immersed in the ground and filled with concrete. Sandbanks are the most difficult places to build lighthouses, and history provides many examples of the construction of foundations in such places - sometimes successful, but often disastrous. Spotlights with high-power incandescent lamps are usually used as a source of light signal in lighthouses. A variety of operating modes, precise focusing of the light beam in optical systems, cleanliness, safety, a wide range of precisely determined characteristics, high and easily variable concentration of light power are the main factors that ensure the success of incandescent lamps. At small local lighthouses, low-voltage incandescent lamps powered by current from portable batteries are widely used. Probably the most important improvement in the optical equipment of lighthouses was the use of the Fresnel lens around 1820. Such lenses, made of ground and polished glass, quickly came into general use, and by rotating them and combining them with color filters it was possible to produce a wide variety of high-power light flashes. The variety of power and light characteristics has increased even more with the development of incandescent electric lamps. In most countries, lighthouses and their navigation aids are managed by specially organized services. These services have special vessels for the construction, repair and operation of lighthouses, as well as the installation and maintenance of buoys and buoys. Recently, the number of large light stations and lightships has been decreasing, and the number of radio beacons and long-range systems, as well as buoys and buoys, has been increasing. These changes are caused not only by the need to use more powerful and modern radio signaling equipment, but also by cheaper operating costs. In the case of illuminated beacons, the ability to accurately indicate the location of the danger is very important. In order for lighthouses and other signaling devices to be used most effectively in maritime navigation, sailors must have all the necessary information about them. Therefore, countries engaged in maritime transport periodically publish lists of their maritime signaling equipment, which indicate the exact location, type, design and performance characteristics of lighthouses and other signaling equipment currently in use. For example, lighting products are characterized by the color and frequency of light flashes in order to avoid identification errors. Different sides of the shoals are indicated by navigational signs of different colors, indicating the safe course of the vessel. Sound signals given in poor visibility conditions differ in the duration of the beeps and the order in which they are heard, and the signals from radio beacons differ in combinations of “dots” and “dashes” transmitted on the frequency assigned to this beacon. It is also important for sailors to know the height of the luminous medium above sea level and its visibility range, which requires information about the brightness and intensity of the light source. The radio beacon emits signals, using which the navigator can determine the position of his vessel. A radar beacon is a transceiver navigation radio station that allows you to determine, in addition to its location, the direction to the beacon and the distance to it. Some beacons carry out synchronized, separate transmission of an audio signal and a radio signal. By measuring the time delay between the moments of reception of these signals transmitted simultaneously, the navigator can convert it into a distance, taking into account the fact that a delay of 3 s approximately corresponds to a range of 1 km - this is the distance a sound signal travels in 3 s under normal conditions. weather conditions. See also NAVIGATION.

Collier's Encyclopedia. - Open Society. 2000 .

See what "MAYAK" is in other dictionaries:

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Leader, guiding star, Stakhanovite, beacon, flagship, drummer, right-flank, tower Dictionary of Russian synonyms. lighthouse 1. guiding star 2. see editorial Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M... Dictionary of synonyms

LIGHTHOUSE, a tower-type structure, usually installed on the shore or in shallow water. Serves as a navigation reference for ships. It is equipped with so-called beacon lights, as well as devices for sending sound signals, radio signals (radio beacon) ... Modern encyclopedia

A tower-type structure installed on parts of the coast protruding into the sea, at river mouths, on rocks, shallows; serves as a navigational reference for ships. Equipped with a light-optical system, as well as other signaling devices (siren, diaphone... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

MAYAK, lighthouse, husband. 1. A tower with signal lights on the seashore, an island for guiding passing ships. 2. Symbol, emblem of hope (bookish, rhetorician). Rescue beacon. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Lighthouses. Majestic giants of the coast. For thousands of years, they have shown the way to their native shores, protected sailors from the dangers of coastal waters, and given a ray of hope for salvation. Despite technological progress and the 21st century, lighthouses are still an integral part of the maritime navigation system. In addition to the purely technical aspect of ensuring safety at sea, light beacons attract many as a landmark in any area of ​​the world. A visit to the light beacon for the area where it is located is almost a mandatory point in the excursion program.

Lighthouse, a tall structure in a harbor or in dangerous coastal areas, on which a strong source of light (oil, kerosene, gas, electricity) is placed to indicate the way for ships. Various devices consisting of mirrors and prisms are used to amplify and reflect light over long distances. Lighthouses come with constant or variable (rotating, flickering) light. The famous Lighthouse of antiquity on the island of Pharos near Alexandria had 160 meters. heights, built 283 BC. (one of the seven wonders of the world), survived until the 14th century.
Small encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron.

Alexandria (Faros) lighthouse

Alexandria Lighthouse (Faros lighthouse) - lighthouse built in the 3rd century BC. e. on the island of Pharos near the Egyptian city of Alexandria, one of the 7 wonders of the world.
The height of the Alexandria lighthouse, according to various estimates, ranged from 120 to 140 meters. For many centuries he was the most tall building on Earth.

An exact copy of the Lighthouse of Alexandria was built in Changsha (China)

Lighthouse Chersonesos founded in 1816 and throughout its long service, reaching more than 170 years, it played and continues to play a significant role in the history and life of the Black Sea Fleet.

The lighthouse was the first to greet the ships of the squadron of Admiral F. F. Ushakov and Vice Admiral P. S. Nakhimov, returning to the port of Sevastopol after brilliant victories. The Chersonesos lighthouse witnessed unprecedented mass heroism of the defenders of Sevastopol in 1942 in battles in the area of ​​the lighthouse. Despite systematic shelling and air bombing, the wounded and heavily damaged lighthouse, until the very last days of the heroic defense of Sevastopol, provided the way for Soviet ships and vessels breaking through the minefields into the besieged city. Already on May 9, 1944, on the day of the liberation of Sevastopol, fire broke out again on the ruins of the lighthouse.

Lighthouse Chersonesos

Lighthouse Tolbukhin- one of the oldest lighthouses in the Baltic Sea. It is located on the Otlinskaya spit northwest of Kronstadt. It was founded in 1719 and since then, for 270 years, it has been continuously serving to ensure the safety of navigation in the difficult navigation conditions of the Gulf of Finland. The lighthouse was built on the personal instructions of Peter I. In one of the notes to Vice Admiral Kruys on November 13, the tsar ordered: “... to make a stone Kolm (lighthouse) with a lantern on the Kotlinskaya spit. A sketch of the lighthouse tower, personally drawn up by Peter I, has also been preserved; the sketch gives the main dimensions of the tower and a note: “... the rest is left to the will of the architect.”

Lighthouse Tolbukhin

Date of birth Peter and Paul Lighthouse considered July 1, 1850. Constructed from larch forest, the lighthouse was visible from more than 20 miles away. Approximately the same visibility range at night was provided by the light of the lighthouse's lighting apparatus. Its first caretaker was warrant officer Gubarev, who distinguished himself a few years later during the defense of Petropavlovsk. It was from this lighthouse that on August 17, 1854, non-commissioned officer Yablokov gave the first signal that the Anglo-French squadron was approaching Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. After some time, his team entered into battle with the steamship Viraga with one gun.

Lighthouse Petropavlovsky installed on the north-eastern side of the mouth of Avachinskaya Bay, on Cape Mayachny. Built to support the navigation of ships of the Second Kamchatka Expedition of V.Y. Bering - A.I. Chirikov, the Petropavlovsk Lighthouse continued to operate in subsequent years. The frigates of the largest maritime expeditions of the 18th century, D. Cook and F. La Perouse, and the ships of I. I. Billings and G. A. Sarychev, entered Avacha Bay using this lighthouse.

Lighthouse Petropavlovsky

Lighthouse on Kolka the only lighthouse in Latvia built on an island. The island is artificially created and is located in the sea. The island was created from stones piled on logs; stones were brought by boat or in winter on sleds on ice from the islands of Kurzeme and Estonia. There is a double wall made of logs with stones inside around the island.
Construction of the island began in 1872 and a fire was lit on the temporary lighthouse tower in 1875. The lighthouse builders said that when driving piles they constantly came across the wooden bottoms of old ships, countless of which sank on the Domesnes Reef.

Lighthouse Kolka

Malorechensky Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker is the only one on the peninsula temple-lighthouse in memory of those who died on the waters and travelers. The religious building of the temple-lighthouse is located near Alushta in the village of Malorechenskoye on a cliff. It is built on a high cliff above the sea and is visible from many points south coast peninsula.

The religious building, the lighthouse temple of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, is located near Alushta in the village of Malorechenskoye on a cliff. The Church of St. Nicholas of Myra is dedicated to travelers and those who died on the water.

Marine Temple-Lighthouse of St. Nicholas (Moscow Patriarchate)

Lighthouse Aniva was installed in 1939 on small rock Sivuchya, near the inaccessible rocky Cape Aniva. This area is replete with currents, frequent fogs, and underwater rocky banks.

Lighthouse Aniva

Thevennec (Lighthouse Tevennec) And La Vieille (La Vieille)- these two lighthouses are real light gates of the Atlantic coast of France. They protect ships from trouble when passing near the very dangerous place Qndash, which is a long chain of islands and underwater reefs. Until 1875, until the Tevennec lighthouse was installed, a lot of ships disappeared in this place. The lighthouses of Tevennec and La Vieille show ships a safe route to the shores. These lighthouses are mentioned in many adventure stories.

Lighthouse La Vieille

Lighthouse La Vieille

A Thevennec lighthouse gained great fame because of his secret, which was revealed not so long ago. Under the rock on which the lighthouse is installed, there is a cave, the crevices of which fill with water during a storm and resonant vibrations of water and air occur, resulting in incredibly eerie sounds. And until the secret of these sounds was revealed, many lighthouse keepers lost their minds due to fear from these sounds.

Lighthouse Tevennec

has rightfully earned its name “Sea Palace”. With particular majesty, this granite fortress stands in the open sea near the island of Oussant. De Keureon is the last inhabited lighthouse, the doors of which closed only in 2004.

Lighthouse de Kereon (Le Phare de Kereon)

Lighthouse La Jument(La Jument) is a hundred-meter lighthouse that stands majestically just in the sea on a small rocky spur. It is located in the westernmost Breton waters on the island of Ouessant (France)

Lighthouse La Jument

Lighthouse La Jument

Lighthouse Four (Le Four) located near the coast of France. This is a huge tower in the open sea, for which even 30-meter waves are not scary.

Lighthouse Four (Le Four)

Lighthouse Four (Le Four)

Lighthouse Akranes set in the volcanic landscapes of Iceland near Akranes, the country's 9th most populous city. Almost all of Iceland's inhabitants live on the coast due to the mountainous lava desert and glacial topography of the interior.

Lighthouse Akranes

Peggy Point Lighthouse is one of the busiest tourist attractions in Nova Scotia and one of the most recognizable lighthouses in the world. Several decisions are currently being made to protect the lighthouse under the Lighthouse Heritage Protection Act.

Peggy Point Lighthouse

Picturesque Kovalam lighthouse, located in India near a popular resort.

Lighthouse Kovalam

Split Rock Lighthouse, located in Minnesota, was built in 1910 after a number of shipwrecks near Lake Superior. It was decommissioned in 1960 and is now a historical monument.

Split Rock Lighthouse

Australia's easternmost lighthouse is maintained by the Cape Byron Conservancy, which acquired and maintained the building in 1998. The site is currently used as a base for whale watching.

Cape Byron Lighthouse

This lighthouse in Key Biscayne, Florida, was created in 1825 to guide ships away from the Florida Reef. Tours of the lighthouse and keeper's cottage are permitted twice daily.

Cape Florida Lighthouse

You can see this tower near San Francisco Bay, but the lighthouse has been closed to tourists since 2001 due to its poor condition. The renovated caretaker's lodge has served as a youth hostel since the mid-1960s.

Pigeon Point Lighthouse

One of the decorations of Lake Constance, located on the border of Germany, Switzerland and Austria, can safely be called the architectural complex on the pier of the Bavarian city of Lindau. Ships, including numerous passenger liners, get here through a kind of “gate” formed by a marble statue of a lion installed on the pier, the symbol of Bavaria, and a 33-meter high lighthouse: it is located on the opposite, western pier. The predecessor of the lighthouse was the Mangenturm tower, which served as a lighthouse from 1180 to 1300. The harbor was established in 1811. Lighthouse called "New Lindau Lighthouse", was built in 1853-1856 during the reconstruction of the port, and is considered the southernmost lighthouse in Germany.

Lighthouse on Lake Constance

: A lighthouse is a structure that cannot be called just a structure. Lighthouses have always attracted the eyes and attention of people with their romanticism, special meaning for sailors, and even their seclusion on capes and steep cliffs protruding into the sea, and the girls say that also with their shape. For many hundreds of years, lighthouses have been of great importance for maritime navigation, often becoming a virtual salvation for storm-weary crews of ships returning home or going to a foreign port. With the development of modern technologies, including in maritime navigation, optical beacons no longer play such a significant role, inferior to radio beacons and satellite systems. But they stand, still stand, like time-beaten sea wolves, towers blinking in the night on the shores of seas and bays.

I've been near the lighthouse dozens of times, but I still haven't been able to get inside...

3. The Chersonesos lighthouse is familiar and recognizable to many. It is located at the entrance to Sevastopol Bay, in its southwestern part, on the tip of Cape Chersonesos protruding far into the sea (not to be confused with the Chersonesos nature reserve, which is located directly in the city of Sevastopol).
The first information about a lighthouse in these places appeared in 1789, 6 years after Russian warships first entered Akhtiyar Bay.
The development of a naval military base and the foundation of the city of Sevastopol required, among other things, the organization of navigation facilities. One of which became the Chersonesos lighthouse.

4. Construction of the Khersones lighthouse began in 1816 together with the Tarkhankut lighthouse. The choice of location and construction was supervised by Leonty Spafarev, director of lighthouses in the most developed water area in this regard. Russian Empire- Gulf of Finland.

5. The lighthouse tower was a 36-meter hollow stone cone with two-meter walls at the base. Towards the level of the lighthouse room, the thickness of the walls decreased to one meter. As operating experience has shown, the safety margin of the structure made it possible to successfully withstand colossal alternating wind loads, impacts of storm waves and even seismic shocks. The lighthouse survived the most serious Crimean earthquake of the 19th-20th centuries, which occurred in 1927.

6. Back in the 19th century. houses were built near the tower for the lighthouse servants. At first, the servants huddled in just a few rooms, but later a small residential lighthouse town appeared, which, however, more than once suffered from storms and storms.
Nowadays, one of the premises is equipped as a lighthouse and technical room. It contains all the necessary radio equipment, as well as an automatic system that controls the beacon

7. At the very beginning, in 1816, the light source at the lighthouse was fifteen Argand lamps with a cotton wick soaked in rapeseed oil. The burner, protected by a glass cap open on top, resembled the kerosene lamp we are used to (although the latter, however, was invented only 37 years later). The lamps were placed at the focus of polished parabolic mirrors.
Later, the lighting apparatus was modernized to provide flashing mode of operation. Mirrors and lamps were placed on a round float lowered into a bowl of mercury. A complex gear mechanism, the principle of which is similar to the operation of a watch with weights, gave the float uniform rotation at a given speed.
At the end of the 19th century. the mirror illuminator was dismantled. Instead, they installed a light-optical apparatus based on Fresnel lenses, consisting of concentric rings of small thickness adjacent to each other, having a prism-shaped cross-section.
After the war, the lighting system was again modernized and the flashing mode of operation was no longer ensured by rotating the optical apparatus, but by periodically turning the lamp on and off.
Today, there is no longer a need for the constant presence of a caretaker in the lighthouse room on the tower, manually lighting the lighthouse and monitoring that the light does not go out.
All this is controlled by an automatic system in the service building near the lighthouse.

8. The caretaker at the appointed time only has to turn the beacon switch knob.

9. He looks at the appointed time in the illumination table, which is compiled for each month based on the time of dawn and sunset of each day

10. These are watches that are suspended in a special system that neutralizes the influence of earth gravity

12. Direct communication device with the main navigation service and a sticker with call signs

13. On the wall in the lighthouse keeper's room is an old-school safety poster and an equally old-school battery-powered flashlight. And only mobile phone betrays modernity

14. But it's time to go inside the tower. After all, the most interesting thing is ahead

15. Despite the signs with the year 1816, the tower itself is not 200 years old.
During the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), the tower was almost completely destroyed and rebuilt in 1950-1951. made of reinforced concrete, lined with Inkerman white stone.

15. How is the lighthouse tower constructed?
As I already said, it has a height of 36 meters. The lower part is a hollow cone with a spiral staircase and four tiers of skylights to illuminate the staircase.
In the upper part there is a lighthouse room (with a round window and a fence along the contour), which initially housed the lighthouse ignition system, and also housed the keeper at night. At the very top there is a cap in which the lamp is located. The canopy has 360-degree glazing so that the light of the lighthouse can be seen from everywhere.

16. Lighthouse room under a light dome. The ceiling is low and there is absolutely no room to turn around. A small table, an emergency telephone and a small porthole window

17. And now - the holy of holies - a lighthouse lamp appears in the hatch burning in the night

18. Today, a system with a quartz-halogen lamp with a power of 1 kW, installed during the post-war reconstruction of the lighthouse in 1951, is used.
The flashing mode of operation is ensured not by rotating the optical apparatus, but by periodically turning the lamp on and off. Moreover, the alternation of pulse duration ensures the transmission of the “SV” - Sevastopol signal in Morse code.
In addition, the KRM-300 circular radio beacon operates on the cape, transmitting the same “SV” signal to a range of up to 150 miles (280 km). In addition to it, there is equipment for a more accurate Mayak-75 navigation system, the operating principle of which is based on measuring the time between the signals of the master and slave stations and calculating the distance to them. The Mayak-75 station operates in conjunction with similar ones located on capes Tarkhankut, Fiolent and near Genichesk.

19. The moment of ignition of the lamp. Then it’s physically impossible to look at her

20. View of the lighthouse town from the lighthouse tower.
The town also did not appear immediately. At first, the service personnel huddled in tiny, poorly heated houses - 20 people in 4 rooms.
In the early 1870s, the first two-story building was built to accommodate lower ranks. True, this building was severely damaged by the storm of 1876.
After the storm, a breakwater was erected around the lighthouse, protecting the tower and the lighthouse town from the sea.
Today there are several two-story buildings in which people live, who in one way or another ensure or have ensured the functioning of the lighthouse and its equipment.

21. At night, the lighthouse offers a beautiful view of the open sea.
By the way, the light of the lighthouse on a clear night can be seen from about 16 miles (30 kilometers) away.

21. Lighthouse tower at night

22. This is what the 36-meter tower looks like from the sea

23. One of the dozens of sunsets I spent on the shore under the lighthouse

24. Evening Chersonese lighthouse

What is a lighthouse for? What is its purpose?

The lighthouse helps guide ships on the high seas in the dark or in inclement weather. Without lighthouses, ships would simply lose their directions and would not be able to find the coastal territory in such emergency conditions. The lighthouse is a kind of guide and landmark.

A lighthouse is a permanent structure that serves for visual navigation of ships and for determining their location on the water. Indispensable in bad weather. Lighthouses can be either identification or guiding. Lighthouses have been built since ancient times. Lighthouse of Alexandria, built in the 3rd century BC.

The Statue of Liberty was once used as a lighthouse.

In ancient times, a lighthouse was an indispensable attribute of ship navigation, because the lighthouse could be seen a hundred kilometers from the ground. After all, at that time there were no modern navigation instruments.

Usually a lighthouse is a very tall tower, at the very top of the tower there is a light (usually red) that points ships in the right direction. Of course, now the lighthouse is not as relevant as in ancient times. Now there are satellite navigation systems on ships.

Amazing, beautiful, useful question.

Let there be light!

Lighthouses were built for different purposes: warning, observation, showing the way, attracting attention.

But the main task of a lighthouse is to shine!

A lighthouse is always built on rocks, and those who build and operate a lighthouse know a lot about the sea and the various dangers of underwater. And they show the ships workarounds.

And the lighthouse keeper is an invisible hero. He literally saves ships, and captains and sailors often don’t even know him. But the caretaker is not responsible for the crash, but he always calmly, honestly and alone helps.

Lighthouses are everywhere, even in Antarctica.

In Ukraine, in Crimea, there is an amazing church. Church of St. Nicholas, lighthouse church, near Alushta.

And the largest and most amazing (not counting the Japanese) lighthouse today stands near the English Channel on the French side on a tiny island and its beam is visible on the English shores after almost 170 km.

But light beacons are already becoming obsolete; they are being replaced by satellite navigation systems.

Without a lighthouse, ships would have difficulty determining where the shore is in darkness and gloomy weather. A lighthouse is like a guiding star that helps lost ships and fishermen find their way. It's like a compass.

A lighthouse is needed to orient ships. Destination is a landmark.

A lighthouse is a navigation sign that can be installed on the shore or on the water; old ships are often used for such lighthouses. The light signal of each lighthouse has signs by which sailors can accurately know the name and location of the lighthouse. Currently, sailors and pilots use radio beacons. By the way, well-known radio broadcasting stations are also used as radio beacons. Beacons will always be needed because they are quite reliable and allow one to determine the location of a ship or aircraft with high accuracy.